• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.154-161
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• 1992

This experiment was carried oui to determine the relativeness between growth, yield characters and bio-informations as influenced by the spray and rest time intervals of nutrient solution. Tomato(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown in aeroponic system on a misting schedule of continuously 60 sec, 30 sec and 10 sec at 10 min intervals with full strength Yamazaki's solution recommended for tomato production. The results obtained were as follows : 1. Leaf area was highest in the plot of 30 sec spray and 10 min rest while the forest one was the plot of 60 sec spray and 10 min rest. Growth characteristics in terms of dry weight of each organ, number of flower, number of flower setted and fruit dry weight were greater in the plot of 30 sec spray and 10 min rest than the other treatments. 2. The number of flower increased with decreasing dry weight but number of flower sorted was not significantly different among treatment except for the plot of 60 sec spray and 10 min rest. 3. Leaf dry weight and fruit dry weight were highly correlated so that 30 sec spray and 10 min rest plot which is the highest fruit dry weight showed the largest leaf area. Continuously sprayed plot reduced markedly the fruit dry weight compared with leaf area. Optimum spray and rest time of nutrient solution in the range of this experiment was determined as 30 sec spray and 10 min rest. 4. Solar radiation within glasshouse during daytime reduced severely compared with outdoor one and air temperature within greenhouse was higher than the leaf temperature of tomato plant. The changes of environmental factors, solar radiation, temperature were accompanied with the sensitive change of bio-informations of tomato leaf Especially differences of spray intervals of nutrient solution affected greatly to the changes of bio-informations : leaf water potential, stomatal resistance and leaf temperature etc. 5. The changing patterns of leaf growth as influenced by the spray and rest intervals of nutrient solution were closely related to the leaf water potential, stomatal resistance and leaf temperature. Feasibility was demonstrated that measurement of bio-information of tomato leaf as influenced by the change of environmental factors could be expected to the amount of growth and fruit yield.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.418-428
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to obtain the codex classification information on the primary food commodity (fresh state) of processed foods of plant origin that are included in the Codex Classification of Foods and Animal Feeds. Furthermore, whether or not the primary food commodity is included in the primary food classification from the Food Code of Korea was investigated. The results are summarized as follows: First, the Codex Classification information (number of classification codes/number of the primary food commodity group that fresh commodities of processed foods are classified/number of primary food commodity that is not included in the Codex Classification) by a processed food group appeared to be 46/8/0 for dried fruits, 76/11/1 for dried vegetables, 54/4/12 for dried herbs, 36/1/0 for cereal grain milling fractions, 17/4/3 for oils and fats (crude), 34/8/9 for oils and fats (refined), 20/8/0 for fruit juices, 3/2/0 for vegetable juices, and 19 codes for teas (in the Codex Classification, the primary food commodity group for tea does not exist). Second, the number of the primary food commodities not included in the Food Code of Korea was 9 for dried fruits, 14 for dried vegetables, 35 for dried herbs, 0 for cereal grain milling fractions, 6 for teas, 3 for oils and fats (crude), 9 for oils and fats (refined), 2 for fruit juices, and 0 for vegetable juices. Third, it was demonstrated that caution should be exercised when using Codex Classification due to differences in food classification between Codex and Korea, such as coconut (Codex, as tree nut as well as assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruit) and olive (Codex, as assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruit as well as olives for oil production), as well as special cases in the Codex Classification, such as dried chili pepper (Codex, as spice), tomato juice (Codex, as vegetable for primary food commodity and as fruit juice for juice) and ginger (Codex, as spice for rhizome and not including as primary commodity for leaves).

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.130-144
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• 2013

In this study, we examined the effect of high temperature of urban area on the physiological response of apple tree including the photosynthesis, shoot growth, and fruit quality of 'Fuji'/M.9 apple trees planted at Daegu urban area (DUA) and Gunwi rural area (GRA) for 2 years (2009-2010). During the apple growing season (April-October), the average air temperature of DUA was about $3.0^{\circ}C$ higher than that of GRA and the total rainfall of DUA was 130 mm more than that of GRA. During fruit enlargement stage (June-August), the number of days that recorded daily mean temperature of over $30^{\circ}C$ were ten on DUA in 2010, but there was no day when such temperature was experienced in 2009. Average air temperature of DUA during the maturation stage (September-October) was $19.8^{\circ}C$, which was $4.0^{\circ}C$ higher than that of GRA. The higher temperature of over $30^{\circ}C$ during fruit enlargement stage decreased the photosynthetic rate, shoot growth, fruit weight, and soluble solid content of 'Fuji'/M.9 apple tree. The moderate temperature of about $20^{\circ}C$ during maturation stage increased the photosynthetic rate and soluble solid content of 'Fuji'/M.9 apple tree, but decreased fruit red color. In regional comparison with GRA, photosynthetic rate of DUA was changed from lower before rainy season to higher after rainy season. Fruit weight was higher in DUA than that of GRA. However, fruit weight between DUA and GRA did not show the difference when accumulated days that recorded daily maximum temperature over $35^{\circ}C$ of DUA was increased. Compared to the GRA, soluble solid content of DUA was higher, but fruit red color of DUA was less. These results indicate that the poor red coloring is the most problematic in 'Fuji'/M.9 apple tree by global warming and urbanization.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.406-413
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• 2020

This study was conducted to find out optimum fruiting node order, pinching node order, and harvesting time in hydroponics using coir substrates to produce high quality melon (Cucumis melo L.) fruit. Three plants per coir slab (100 × 20 × 10 cm) were planted for each treatment. Yamazaki standard nutrient solutions for melon were supplied with 1.8, 2.0, and 2.3 dS·m^-1 at the early, middle (fruit enlargement step), and late growth stages, respectively. Two cultivars of 'PMR Dalgona' and 'Earl's Aibi' were used for fruiting node order and pinching node order experiments. Fruiting node treatments were conducted three replications (8-10 ^th, 11-13 ^th, and 14-15 ^th nodes) and pinching node treatments treated with three replications (18 ^th, 21 ^th, and 24 ^th nodes). Two cultivars of 'PMR Dalgona' and 'Earl's Crown' were used for fruit harvesting time experiment and treated with in four replications (45, 50, 55, and 60 days after fruiting). In growth characteristics, the leaf width and leaf area of 'PMR Dalgona' were the greatest 28.2 cm and 10,845 ㎠. Respectively, 11-13 ^th fruiting nodes or more. The node length of 'Earl's Aibi' was the longest by 147.6 cm at 11-13 ^th fruiting nodes. For fruit quality characteristics, the fruit weight of 'Earl's Aibi' at 11-13 ^th fruiting node fruiting was the greatest by 2.0 kg. The soluble solids content (SSC) of 'PMR Dalgona' was the highest by 14.5 °Brix at 8-10 ^th nodes in fruiting node orders and 14.5 °Brix at the 24 ^th pinching node order, respectively with significant difference. The SSC tends to increase in the same for both cultivars of 'PMR Dalgona' and 'Earl's Aibi' as the position of fruiting node was lower. The SSC and fruit weight of melon harvested at 55-60 days after fruiting was the best. From the results of this study, most of SSC tends to increase in the lower position of fruiting node order and the higher pinching node order, whereas the fruit weight shows a tendency of increasing with higher fruiting node. In addition, the SSC of fruit increased as the number of days after fruiting increased, and further research is needed for more various cultivars. In melon hydroponics using coir substrates, it is needed to figure out the characteristics of each cultivar to determine optimum fruiting node order, pinching node order, and fruit harvest time.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.382-391
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• 2018

The objective of this study was to determine the most effective medium condition of shoot proliferation and root formation for the efficient in vitro micropropagation of M.26 (Malus pumila Mill). Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to analyze the genetic diversity of micro-propagated and greenhouse grown M.26. Shoot proliferation was carried out in MS (Murashige and Skoog) containing benzyladenin (BA, $0.5{\sim}5.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$) and thidiazuron (TDZ, $0.01{\sim}0.1mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$). The highest number of shoots (10.67 shoots per explant) was induced by adding BA at a concentration $1.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$. TDZ treatments caused higher hyperhydricity rate in cultured explants than in BA treatments. There was no significant effect of both BA and auxin on shoot proliferation, and the optimum proliferation medium for M.26 was MS medium containing $1.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ BA. To find a suitable medium composition for shoot rooting, we tested different concentrations indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and ${\alpha}$-naphthaleneacetic acid ($0.5{\sim}5.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$), MS medium (1/4-1), sucrose ($0{\sim}30g{\cdot}L^{-1}$). The shoots showed good rooting on half-strength MS medium containing $1.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ IBA and $15-20g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ sucrose. The rooting rate (100%), number of roots (10.45 ~ 13.60 roots per explant), root length (7.41 ~ 8.33 cm), and shoot length (4.93 ~ 5.38 cm) were good on this medium. Fifteen SSR primers were detected in a total of 30 alleles in 20 micro-propagated plantlets, all SSR profiles from micro-propagated plantlets were monomorphic and similar to greenhouse grown control plantlet M.26 plant. The results indicated that M.26 micro-propagated plantlets were genetically stable.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.41-45
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of crown numbers on growth and yield of ever-bearing strawberry (Fragaria ${\times}$ ananassa Duch.) 'Goha' cultivar. Strawberry seedlings were planted with $55{\times}30cm$ distance on April 29, and the randomized block experimental was designed by putting the crown numbers by 1, 3, 5 and crown-unremoved as the control. At the early growth stage, as the numbers of crown decreased, the size of leaf became larger and inflorescence diameter became thicker. Plant height became higher as the number of crown increased at the final harvesting time. Fresh weight of crown-unremoved plants was 118 g, showing 77.2 g higher than that of plants with one crown. Numbers of the developed inflorescence of plants with five crowns and crown-unremoved was 20.1, whereas 6.8 of plants with one crown, resulted in 13.3 more crowns. However, crown number did not significantly affect the fruit quality. As the crown number increased, the average fruit weight was lighter and the marketable fruit rate was shown to decrease significantly. The marketable yield of crown-unremoved plants was $17,372kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$, showing 68% higher than plants with one crown. Therefore, crown management without thinning crowns was recommended and inflorescence thickness less than 3 mm should be removed for successful production of ever-bearing strawberry 'Goha' cultivar during summer season.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.188-193
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of environmental conditions and the quality and yield of melon fruit by heat fan operation in greenhouses at winter season. The average daily temperature inside the tunnels during January 1 to 31, 2017 was $0.9^{\circ}C$ higher than that of the control $17.8^{\circ}C$. The air flow rate of heater fan treatment was 4.8 times higher than the control (untreated $0.05m{\cdot}s^{-1}$) at 20cm above the ground where the korean melon grew. The temperature of the heater pan was $5.6^{\circ}C$ higher than that of the untreated at $35.3^{\circ}C$ and the relative humidity was 8.1% lower than that of the untreated at 39.1%. The flowering rate of the heater fan treatment was 96%, 5% higher than the control. The number of first harvest days of heater fan treatment was shortened by 4 days than that of untreated treatment. Fruit quality and marketable fruit yield increased by 3.4% and 38% compared to untreated respectively, the heater fan treatment increased the temperature inside the greenhouse and air flow rete, which were beneficial for growing the korean melon in greenhouses at winter season.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2012

This study was conducted to elucidate the cause of micro-cracking in the exocarp of 'Jinmi' peach (Prunus persica). through the microscopic observation of fruit skin development in 4 varieties such as 'Jinmi', 'Kanoiwa Hakuto', 'Kawanakajima Hakuto', and 'Yumyeong'. Micro-cracking was noted in 59.1% of 'Jinmi', 30.6% of 'Kanoiwa Hakuto', 21.5% 'Kawanakajima Hakuto' and 6.4% of 'Yumyeong', respectively. The development of intercellular spaces, which increased rapidly with the fruit development, was easily observed at 69 days after full bloom. Histological studies revealed that the number of outer epiderm cell layers of 'Jinmi' was smaller than that of the other three cultivars, and thinner than the 'Kawanakajima Hakuto' and 'Yumyeong'. Moreover, 'Jinmi' exhibited smaller and flatter shapes in the sub-epidermal cell layer than those of the 'Kawanakajima Hakuto' and 'Yumyeong' at harvest season. Therefore, these results suggest that micro-cracking of 'Jinmi' fruit skin was due to poor-developed outer epidermis and well-developed intercellular spaces just under exocarp as compared with other varieties.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.151-158
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• 1998

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of substrates and nutrient solution supplying methods in the media culture using perlite and its mixtures with rice hull, carbonized rice hull. cocopeat on the growth and fruit qualify of hydroponically grown cucumber. Three substrates. Perlite(70%) +rice hull(30%) perlite(70%) +carbonized rice hull(30%) and perlite(70%)＋cocopeat(30%) were compared with perlite medium. Supplying methods of nutrient solution were composed of drip irrigation, modified drip irrigation(covered with cheesecloth between drip hose and substrate) and mist system Leaf area of cucumber Plants was lowest in perlite medium while it was highest in mixture of perlite and cocopeat. NAR was higher in the plot of mixture with cocopeat. and same trend was observed in LAI and CGR. T/R ratio was higher in Perlite and perlite mixture with rice hull. Fruit Yields increased in the plot of modified drip irrigation system. When perlite mixture with rice hull used as a substrate. mist system was recommended. Perlite mixture with carbonized rice hull was observed favored in conventional drip irrigation system. Marketable yield and the number of fruit per plant increased and the malformed fruit decreased in the plot of modified drip irrigation system with the mixtures of Perlite and cocopeat.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.41-44
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• 2008

Studies were made to investigate the difference of the shiitake productivity according to the use of sawdust and liquid spawn on middle-temperature type strain. Treatments inoculated with sawdust spawn have shown that yields were dispersed according to flushing periods and fruit-bodies occurred sporadically on medium. However, treatments inoculated with liquid spawn have shown that yield was relatively concentrated at 1st flushing period and fruit-bodies were densely occurred on medium. At total yield and the number of fresh fruit-bodies until seventh flushing, treatments inoculated with liquid spawn were more than those inoculated with sawdust spawn. Also, biological efficiency (B.E.) of inoculation with 20 ml liquid spawn which produced 30% of the medium weight was highest as 69%, but biological efficiency of inoculation with 10 g sawdust spawn was lowest as 42%. And, although rate of fruit-bodies over 10 g in total yield was high on treatments inoculated with sawdust spawn, amounts of fruit-bodies over 10 g were not different among treatments.