• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.52-61
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• 2018

In this study, vineger was produced after heat treatment of Elaeagnus multiflora juice and its fermentative characteristics were investigated. The heat-treated juice and vinegar of E. multiflora were similar in fruit color, with b values (redness) of 39.48 (juice) and 37.56 (vinegar). After 10 days of fermentation of E. multiflora fruit, the acetic acid bacteria viable cell number, pH, acidity, reducing sugar content, and alcohol content were 4.59-4.62 log CFU/mL, 3.14-3.45, 0.2-2.12%, 0.69-35.24 mg/mL, and 0.2%, respectively. The heat-treated juice and vinegar showed significantly higher radical scavenging and digestive enzyme inhibitory activities than untreated samples, and the levels of soluble phenolics, soluble flavonoids, flavan-3-ol derivatives, and phenolic and derivatives were increased. Additioinally, the heat-treated vinegar contained major organic acids, such as acetic acid (21.82 mg/mL), and major flavan-3-ols and phenolic acids, such as catechin ($72.24{\mu}g/mL$), catechin gallate ($273.36{\mu}g/mL$), epigallocatechin gallate ($68.35{\mu}g/mL$), protocatechuic acid ($12.84{\mu}g/mL$), and salicylic acid ($42.29{\mu}g/mL$). At $25{\mu}L/mL$ treatment, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities were 79.66%, 93.99%, 90.12%, and 64.85%, respectively. This result suggested that it is possible to produce new types of vinegar and beverages, using heat-treated E. multiflora juice.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.335-341
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• 2021

In this study, experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of high- temperature stress on paprika in a semi-closed greenhouse where cooling is available and a normal plastic greenhouse. Paprika grown in a semi-closed greenhouse in which geothermal cooling is provided showed a significantly higher speed of photosynthesis than paprika grown in a 3-layer plastic greenhouse in which there is no cooling system. It suggests that the photosynthesis speed of paprika in a plastic house decreases owing to high temperature stress. Plant height increased by 13cm more in the semi-closed greenhouse, and the size of leaf showed similar growth speed until the 2nd week after transplanting, however, after 3 weeks, the semi-closed greenhouse showed a big difference by 47% compared with the plastic greenhouse. In terms of the fruit count, the semi-closed greenhouse had 10.6 fruits/plant and the plastic greenhouse had 4.6 fruits/plant, indicating that the semi-closed greenhouse had a higher number of fruits by 130% than the plastic greenhouse. The fruit weight also presented a difference between the semi-closed greenhouse and the plastic greenhouse by 46%, which is 566.7g/plant and 387g/plant, respectively. According to the above mentioned results, it was validated that when paprika is cultivated in a semi-closed greenhouse where a cooling system is applied, photosynthesis and growth were better than in the normal plastic greenhouse. Thus, if the hot summer season is overcome by applying the elemental technologies for the cooling system to the normal plastic greenhouse, farm income may increase through improvement in the yield and quality.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.163-169
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• 2022

This study was conducted to examine an alternative cultivating method that uses coir substrates in a hydroponically cultured system. Three treatment conditions were applied with one-layer substrate (10 cm height) with a coir chip and dust ratio of 5:5 (Treatment A), two-layer coir substrate (20 cm height) with a coir chip and dust ratio of 5:5 (Treatment B), one-layer coir substrate (15 cm height) with a coir chip and dust ratio of 7:3 (Treatment C). The control condition was a plastic container filled with a coir chip and dust ratio of 5:5. Various criteria were measured and compared between the treatments and the control. The yield of strawberry was smaller in the control than in the treatments. No significant difference in growth characteristic was found in the height treatments of the coir substrates. The net photosynthetic rate of the treatments was 14.68-15.76 µmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1. This does not show a statistically significant difference. The root activity was better in treatment B and C than in treatment A and the control. The length and width of leaves were measured as 4.04-4.13 cm and 3.26-3.34 cm. These results are not statistically significant. The leaf length and width ratio was 1.27 in the control and 1.24 in the treatments. The findings show that no statistically significant benefit was found when utilizing coir substrates with different height treatments in the hydroponic culture system. However, the harvested fruit per plant weights 72.38 g in treatment A and 48.69 g in treatment C. The number of harvested fruit was least in treatment C in which a coir chip and dust ratio of 7:3 was applied. Therefore, further research is needed to examine how the chip and dust ratio in coir substrate affects growth characteristics.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.59-62
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• 2011

To develop a new cultivar of King oyster mushroom(Pleurotus eryngii), G09-21 as parental strain was selected by the method of Di-mon crossing between monokaryotic strains derived from ASI 2824(Keunneutari No.2) and dikaryotic strain ASI 2887(Aeryni 3). The Pe21-51($G09-21-10{\times}2844-11$) was shown the best cultural characteristics, selected to be a new cultivar and named as 'Song-A'. The 'Song-A' was formed incompatibility line distinctly in the confrontation growth of parental strains Keunneutari No.2, Aeryni 3 and ASI 2844. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth, fruiting body development and pH arrange were $25{\sim}30^{\circ}C$, $14{\sim}16^{\circ}C$ and pH5~8, respectively. Fruiting body production per bottle was about $94.7{\pm}29.5$ g which is almost 106% quantity compared to that of other cultuvar Keunneutari No.2. And also the stip is thick and long but the number of available stipe is few. Analysis of the genetic characteristics of the new cultivar 'Song-A' showed a different DNA profile as that of the control strains, Keunneutari No.2, Aeryni 3 and ASI 2844, when RAPD(Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) primers URP4 and 7 were used. This new cultivar 'Song-A' of Pleurotus eryngii is characterized by a small number of primordia formation and the stip is thick and long. Therefore, we expect that this new strain will save of labor and cost by without culling work.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.154-158
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• 2013

To develop a new variety of oyster mushroom(Pleurotus ostreatus), parental strains was selected by the method of Mon-Mon crossing between monokaryotic strains derived from ASI 2596(Suhan No.3) and ASI 2782(Black pileus mutant). The SB-73(ASI 2596-11 x 2782-8) was shown the best cultural characteristics, selected to be a new variety and named as 'Dagul'. The 'Dagul' was formed incompatibility line distinctly in the confrontation growth of parental strains Suhan No.3 and ASI 2782. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth, fruiting body development and pH arrange were $25{\sim}30^{\circ}C$, $14{\sim}17^{\circ}C$ and pH5~8, respectively. Fruiting body production per bottle was about $68.0{\pm}24.1$ g which is almost 115% quantity compared to that of other variety Suhan No.3. And also the stipe is long and individual generation is multiple. Analysis of the genetic characteristics of the new variety 'Dagul' showed different DNA bands as that of the control strains, Suhan No.3 and ASI 2782, when RAPD(Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) primers URP7 and Rcb1 were used. This new variety 'Dagul' of oyster mushroom is characterized by multiple of individual generation and the stipe is long. We therefore expect that this new strain will increase of the income by cultivation of field.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.126-136
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• 2017

Gardeners have a desire to not only enjoy a garden but to create the garden themselves and play the role of garden designer. However, they express a great difficulty in gardening activities such as planting and managing plants, the main materials of the garden, due to lack of expertise. Therefore, in order to encourage hobby gardening activities, it is necessary to understand the preferences of the gardeners so that they can easily experience and create a garden, and to provide information on gardening know-how and preferred plants according to places given high preference. This study analyzed the preference for places and plants characteristics according to the purpose of creating a garden. To this end, a questionnaire survey was conducted with visitors to the Korea Landscape and Garden Expo, expected to have been attended primarily by gardening enthusiasts. As a result, gardeners were divided into three groups: appraisal - purposed type, multifunctional type, and participation - purposed type. The group of appraisal purposed type preferred porches and terraces, and private home front yards as well as favored indoor places rather than outdoor places compared with other types. In selecting plants, they prefer plants that can be easily managed in an indoor environment and appreciate natural colors through the colors of flowers and leaves. The multifunctional type group preferred a private home front yard as a garden creation space. Compared with the other types, it showed a high preference for 'unoccupied land in urban housing' and 'community garden' and was analyzed as a group having a high understanding of garden activities. In selecting plants, this group preferred fruit trees or productive plants such as homegrown crops. The participation purposed type group preferred porches and terraces as well as private home front yards as a gardening space. For plants, they preferred plants that are easy to manage. It is meaningful that this study provided preferences for places and plant characteristics according to the creative purpose of the gardener and provided basic data for selecting the place and the plant characteristics of the garden according to the gardener's type.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.440-446
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• 2019

This study examined the growth and fruiting characteristics and the acorns biomass allometric equation of Quercus acuta to provide reference data related to the growth and seed supply during the restoration of evergreen forest in the warm temperate zone in Wando Island, Korea. For the growth survey, we selected and cut three sample trees having a mean diameter at breast height (DBH) to investigate the growth analysis through a stem analysis. We then developed the allometric equation (Y=aX+b) of DBH and tree height growth characteristic (Y) according to the average tree age (X) of sampled trees and estimated the DBH and tree height according to the age of Quercus acuta. For the fruiting survey, we selected and cut three sample trees with full fruit in August when, they are at the early mature fruiting stage, for the analysis. To develop the acorns/tree biomass allometric equation of Quercus acuta, we selected and cut ten sample trees of evenly divided diameters. The acorns biomass allometric equation ($Y=aX^b$) was derived by analyzing the biomass (Y) and the growth characteristics (X), such as the DBH, tree height, crown width, and crown height. The allometric equations of average tree age according to DBH and tree height were Y=0506X-2.064 ($R^2=0.999$) and Y=0.321X+0689 ($R^2=0.992$), respectively. The developed allometric equations estimated that the DBH were 3.0cm, 8.1cm, 13.1cm and 18.2cm while the tree heights were 3.9m, 7.1m, 10.3m, and 13.5m when the tree ages were 10, 20, 30, and 40 years, respectively. The analysis results of fruiting characteristics showed that the length, the diameter, the number of fruits, and the number of acorns per fruiting branch had the statistically significant difference and tended to decrease from the upper part to the lower part of crown downward. The total number of acorns was 1,312 acorns/tree in the upper part, 115 acorns/tree in the middle part, and 5 acorns/tree in the lower part of the crown. The allometric equation for the amount of acorns with DBH as an independent variable was $Y=0.003X^{4.260}$ with the coefficient of determination at 0.896. Although the coefficient of determination of the allometric equation using only DBH as the independent variable was lower than that using DBH and tree height ($D^2H$), it would be more practical to consider only DBH as the independent variable because of measurement errors.

• Journal of the Korean Society of International Agriculture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.300-304
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• 2018

'Bokha' is a new strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) cultivar, which was released by the Highland Agriculture Research Institute in 2016. The 'Bokha' cultivar originated from a cross between 'Goha' and 'Saebong No. 3' that showed excellent ever-bearing characteristics, including continuous flowering habit and high soluble-solids contents under long-day and high temperature conditions in 2011. This cultivar was initially named 'Saebong No. 8' after examining its characteristics and productivity in summer culture from 2013 to 2015. After regional adaptability tests in 2016, 'Bokha' was selected from Saebong No. 8 as an elite cultivar. The general characteristics of 'Bokha' include semispreading type, elliptical leaves, and moderately vigorous growth. The fruits are conical in shape, and red in color. 'Bokha' plants have 32.7 leaves, 9.9 more than 'Goha' plants. The soluble-solids content of 'Bokha' was 9.2%, which was 0.2% higher than that of 'Goha'. The average fruit weight of 'Bokha' was about 9.5g and the marketable yield was $27,701kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$, 72% higher than 'Goha'. 'Bokha' is suitable for tropical and subtropical zone cultivation as a high soluble solids contents cultivar, because it shows continuous flowering habit under long-day and high temperature conditions.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.401-408
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• 2022

As research on a controlled environment system based on crop growth environment sensing for sustainable production of horticultural crops and its industrial use has been important, research on how to properly utilize soil moisture sensors for outdoor cultivation is being actively conducted. This experiment was conducted to suggest the proper method of utilizing the TEROS 12, an FDR (frequency domain reflectometry) sensor, which is frequently used in industry and research fields, for each orchard soil in three regions in Korea. We collected soils from each orchard where fruit trees were grown, investigated the soil characteristics and soil water retention curve, and compared TEROS 12 sensor calibration equations to correlate the sensor output to the corresponding soil volumetric water content through linear and cubic regressions for each soil sample. The estimated value from the calibration equation provided by the manufacturer was also compared. The soil collected from all three orchards showed different soil characteristics and volumetric water content values by each soil water retention level across the soil samples. In addition, the cubic calibration equation for TEROS 12 sensor showed the highest coefficient of determination higher than 0.95, and the lowest RMSE for all soil samples. When estimating volumetric water contents from TEROS 12 sensor output using the calibration equation provided by the manufacturer, their calculated volumetric water contents were lower than the actual volumetric water contents, with the difference up to 0.09-0.17 m³·m^-3 depending on the soil samples, indicating an appropriate calibration for each soil should be preceded before FDR sensor utilization. Also, there was a difference in the range of soil volumetric water content corresponding to the soil water retention levels across the soil samples, suggesting that the soil water retention information should be required to properly interpret the volumetric water content value of the soil. Moreover, soil with a high content of sand had a relatively narrow range of volumetric water contents for irrigation, thus reducing the accuracy of an FDR sensor measurement. In conclusion, analyzing soil water retention characteristics of the target soil and the soil-specific calibration would be necessary to properly quantify the soil water status and determine their adequate irrigation point using an FDR sensor.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.875-883
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• 2009

We investigated the effects of manufacturing method on the quality of beef jerky using electron micrography. Six types of beef jerky were prepared by the addition of sugar (A), licorice (B), one of three kinds of spice extract (clove: C, fennel fruit: D, and Chungyang green pepper extract: E), or a mixture of all spice extracts (F). Microstructural changes in beef jerky during preparation by drying, with respect to drying method and the nature of the added spice extract, were observed by scanning electron micrography (SEM) and transmission electron micrography (TEM). The latter technique showed that the microstructure of fresh meat showed actin and myosin in myofibril lines, and also mitochondria and inner membranes. Beef muscle structure was broken at many myofibril lines and decomposition of inner membrane material was evident after seasoning. SEM of air-blast dried beef jerky with added medicinal herb extracts showed both large spaces and regular myofibrils, whereas hot air-dried beef jerky had no spaces and the muscle myofibrils were still evident. After review of all available micrographs from SEM and TEM, we concluded that use of medicinal herb extracts could be helpful in preserving the muscle myofibril structure during drying, and the air-blast drying method is recommended to optimize the textural quality characteristics of beef jerky.