• 대한가정학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.733-739
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• 1966

A 371 agricultural households from 26 different communities in South Korea was subjected on a study of food taboos in January of 1966. To the pregnant women, those to whom a high protein diet is particurally important, as many as 14 different kinds of foods, mostly portein rich foods, were avoided to eat. It is believed that if duck is eaten while pregnant her baby may walk like a duck in later life. Some mother have a strong aversion to the rabbit meat that her unborn baby must be a harelip. It is feared to eat chicken, shark or carp by the pregnant mother for her baby may get a gooseflesh appearance, or fish scale-like skin in later life. It is thought that if mother eats soup made of meat borns, especially chicken bones, a disfigured baby may be born. Some area informed that if mother eats crab meat her future baby will always bubble. To the child-bearing mothers 13 different kinds of foods were avoided to eat. Some believe that if raddish kimchi, soybean curd, squash are eaten while dilivery that mother may get dental decay or to lose all her teeth. Other think that highly spiced raddish kimchi cause delivery difficult. To the lactating mothers 7 different items of foods were not recommended to eat. It is a common belief that eating green vegetables, especially fresh lettuce, are restricted that her baby may stool greenish. It is said that eating ginsen-chicken soup, or ginsen tea during lactating reduces breast milk secretion. To the weaning babies 7 different kinds of foods were prohibited to fee. Eggs are not eaten because mothers think her babies will start to talk very late. Eight different items of foods in cases of gastro-intestinal diseases, 5 items for liver disease, 7 items for high blood pressure as well as for paralysis were respectively restricted. It is said that meats including pork, beef, and chicken are neither desirable for the patients of high blood pressure nor those of paralysis. To the measles children 10 varieties of foods were restricted. Especially soybean products and meats were not encouraged to use for avoiding asecond attack of measles. For the common cold 8 different kinds of foods were aversed and men think that eating of soup of undria delays a recovery. For the tuberculosis 4 kinds of foods were prohibited to eat. It is said that wine, red pepper and ginsen will stimulate lung bleeding. Many mothers had a strong aversion to fermented shrimp and fish in case of style. and 5 different items of foods were restricted. In case of menstration not so many foods were restricted as other cases, but meat soup is not eaten in this condition in some areas. Majority of food taboos in Korean villages are neither based on tribal nor religious factors. But no one knows how, since what ages, from where, these food taboos have been transmitted and spread over the country. This survey found a great variety of food taboos, aversions, traditional beliefs and prohibitions latent unknown reseasons, or non-scientific conceptions, or completely different ideas from the modern medical aspect, or somewhat fallacious and superstitious beliefs. For the vascular disease contrasting approach were found between modern the oritical therapy and popular remedy among the rural populations who largely depend on the eastern medication. Further scientific study on either side should be done to lead the patient proper way. Many restricted foods such as rabbit, duck, chicken and fish are best resources of protein rich foods which are available in the village. Emphasis should be laid upon breaking down fallacious and supersititious food taboos through the extended nutrition education activities in order to improve food habit and good eating pattern for healthier and stronger generations of Korea.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.7-15
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• 1976

The Purpose of this study was to determine every possible correlation between food habits and body statures of primary school children, aged ten years old. This study was conducted from July to October of 1975. In July, prepared questionaires concerning life style, anthropometry, food preference, and food behavior were distributed through school teachers to 425 children; 219 boys and 206 girls, in the 5th grade of three elementary schools in the city of Seoul. Then, in October, when subjects had been classified into underweight/obese by statistical analysis, mothers of obese or underweight children were interviewed by the authors to determine weaning history, daily food consumption of their children, and opinions of various snacks for children. Analysis of results in terms of correlation coefficient, chisquare test and percentage calculations, are as follows: 1. Physical growth and development Boys Girls Height (cm) $134.8{\pm}5.74\;134.4{\pm}5.97$ Weight (kg) $30.0{\pm}4.27\;29.5{\pm}5.16$ Chestgirth (cm) $64.1{\pm}3.59\;63.3{\pm}3.81$ Arm circumference (cm) $18.3{\pm}1.61\;18.2{\pm}1.70$ Triceps skinfold thickness (mm) $10.9{\pm}5.13\;12.7{\pm}4.86$ Various indices of nutrition such as relative weight, relative chestgirth, $R{\ddot{o}}hrer's$ index, Kaup index, Vervaeck index were determined. 2. Food habits 1) Food $preference{\cdots}{\cdots}A$ varying number of foods were selected from 60 items were accepted. It was found that the food which children liked best was fruit and snacks were popular one. Lowest ranking among LIKED foods were from strongly flavored vegetables and organ meat. In general, girls had more food dislikes than did boys. Selected as liked foods were fruits, rice noodle soup, biscuits, and peanuts. Disliked foods were liver, green onions, onions, green pepper, mushrooms, oysters, shellfish, and pork. Items which children never ate before were liver, mushrooms, fish cake, boiled rice mixed with sorghum, mayonnaise, and fresh water firsh. Reasons which children gave for dislike were undesirable flavor and odor. 2) Food $behavior{\cdots}{\cdots}It$ was found that boys liked sweet and salty flavors more than did the girls who more often liked sour flavor. The majority of children enjoyed evening meals more than lunch and breakfast. A number of children skipped breakfast because of lack of appetite or lack of time before going to school. Snacks were the most popular food, especially among girls. Their snacking habits were formed by the encouragement of the mother, and the relieve boredom. Educational backgrounds of mothers and family economical levels of children were remarkable correlated with mothers' attitudes toward feeding of children. There were several interesting findings relating body stature to some other responses; such as that the obese child has a small number of brothers, higher birth order, higher educated mothers and higher family cultural background. It was also discovered that food perference, except for fat and oil group foods was not related to body stature. Sweet taste was liked best and pepperly taste was mostly disliked. Sour taste was popular in the group of underweight. Underweight children were more finicky, disliked snacking, and didn't get much attention from their mothers. 3) Correlation between body stature and nutrition during their infancy. The majority of children, both from obese and underweight, were breast fed as infant. Twenty five per cent of obese children and 17.4 per cent of underwight children started weaning at $1{\sim}6$ months old. The most popular supplemental food of weaning was cereal gruel for the obese group, while boiled white rice and cereal gruel were most common for the underweight group. Highly significant relationships were found between stature of parents and their children. In the obese group 47.8 per cent of fathers and 45.9 per cent of mothers were overweight; however, none of the fathers and only one mother was found to be underweight. In daily food consumption patterns, meals consisting of bread or noodle were popular in the obese group but disliked by the underweight group. The study found clear contrast in that the obese group liked meat and fish while the underweight group liked fruits and vegetables, especially kimchee. The obese children desired to eat cereal foods, milk and milk products, and fat foods while the underweight group desired to eat fruits and vegetables. Frequency of snacks per day was much greater in the obese group. Foods which mothers believed to be good for the health were carrots, cucumbers, fruits, milk, potatoes, sweet potatoes, and breads, while sweet foods such as candies, drinks. chocolate were considered not good for the teeth. Watching television was not significantly related to statures of children. Most significant relationships were found beween frequencies of family guest meals/and eating-out, and children's statures. Nutritional problems which have been considered for the malnourished children in addition to those of children who have a tendency toward obesity, must be taken into consideration in the development of proper nutrition education through the channels of regular school teaching and teaching by parents in the homes. Korean standards of anthropometric measurements for children should be revised, current measurements show much higher figures than present Korean standards.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.286-291
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• 2006

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of growth performance, chemical composition and meat quality parameters by the addition of fermented persimmon shell diets (FPSD). The experimental animals were ninety-six Berkshires. The pigs were allotted at 8 per pen in front-open building with three replicate pens per treatment. Until $61{\pm}1kg$ live weight at 140 days, the animals were fed growing diet, after which, experimental samples were fixed at 0, 3, 5 and 7% FPSD as C, T1, T2 and T3 in the finishing diets. Pigs of $103{\pm}1kg$ live weight were slaughtered by electrical stunning. In growth performance, ADG increased more (p<0.05) in T2 than C and T1. ADFI (kg/day) was higher (p<0.05) in T2 than in other groups. Feed conversion ratio was lower (p<0.05) in T2 than in other groups. On longissimus dorsi muscle (LM), the content of moisture was lower (p<0.05) in T3 than in other treatments. Crude fat increased (p<0.05) by addition of FPSD. pH at 24 h ($pH_{24}$) decreased more (p<0.05) in T2 and T3 than C and T1 by addition of FPSD. WHC decreased (p<0.05) by addition of FPSD. In meat, Hunter $L^*$ and $a^*$ were lower (p<0.05) in C than in other treatments. Hunter $b^*$ was higher (p<0.05) in T3 than in other treatments. In back-fat, Hunter $L^*$ was higher (p<0.05) in C than in other treatments. Hunter $a^*$ was not different in C and T1 but increased (p<0.05) in treatments by addition of FPSD. Hunter $b^*$ increased (p<0.05) by addition of FPSD. In sensory evaluation scores, for fresh meat, the value of meat color was higher (p<0.05) in T2 and T3 than in C and T1. The value of marbling was lower (p<0.05) in C than in other treatments. The value of drip loss was higher (p<0.05) in C than in other treatments and was lower (p<0.05) in T2 and T3 than in other treatments. The results of cooked meat, the value of tenderness was not different in C and T1 but increased (p<0.05) in other treatments. The value of flavor was significantly higher (p<0.05) in T2 and T3 than in C and T1. The value of overall acceptability was increased (p<0.05) by addition of FPSD. Hence we can conclude that addition of FPSD affected growth performance and meat quality parameters, in particular, it improved crude fat, hunter $L^*$ and $b^*$, and sensory evaluation on pork and was also seen to affect $pH_{24}$ and WHC. FPSD can be used for improvement of meat quality parameters.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.459-470
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• 2007

비육돈의 출하체중은 육질은 물론 양돈업의 수익성에도 크게 영향을 미치는 요인이다(이 등, 2006). 출하체중은 품종 및 사양프로그램 등과 같은 내적인 요인과 소비자 집단의 문화, 전통 및 기호 성향은 물론 도축․가공업자의 요구 등 다양한 외적 요인에 따라 결정된다(Kim 등, 2005). 세계적으로 지난 20~30년 동안 비육돈의 출하체중은 5~20kg 증가하였는데 이는 무엇보다도 종돈 자체가 적육 생산을 극대화하는 방향으로 육종되어 재래의 돼지에 비해 현대의 비육돈은 체중 증가에 따른 지방침적의 증가 정도가 저하되어 일정 한도까지는 출하체중이 증가할수록 돈육의 생산원가가 저하되기 때문이다. 현재 세계적으로 비육돈의 출하체중은 주로 국가에 따라 90~140kg 범위의 수치를 나타내고 있고, 미국의 경우는 주에 따라 92~137kg의 분포를 보이고 있다(NASS, 2006). 국내에서 사용되고 있는 대부분의 종돈은 구미 지역에서 도입된 적육형일 뿐만 아니라 국내 돈육 소비자는 구미의 소비자에 비해 삼겹살과 같이 지방 함량이 높은 부위를 선호하는 등 돼지지방에 대해 관대하여 출하체중을 높게 유지할 수 있는 잠재력이 크다. 그러나 국내 비육돈의 출하체중은 2003년 이후 110kg 수준에 정체되어 구미 지역보다 5~20kg 낮은 수치를 나타내고 있어 앞으로 국내 비육돈의 출하체중을 높일 수 있는 여지가 많다. 이러한 점에 착안하여 본 연구진은 선행연구(이 등, 2006)에서 경남지역에서 가장 일반적으로 사육되고 있는 계통의 비육돈을 110kg 대비 130kg까지 비육․도축하여 도체특성 및 경제성을 분석하여 다음과 같은 주요결과를 얻었다. 본 지역의 대표적인 비육돈은 적육형이기 때문에 생체중 110kg 대비 130kg 출하돈은 사료섭취량과 등지방두께는 다소 증가하고 사료효율은 다소 감소하였으나 일당증체량은 저하되지 않았고, 암퇘지와 거세돼지의 등지방두께는 각각 다소 얇게 & 다소 두껍게 평가되었으며, 도체품질의 척도가 되는 근육의 이화학적 특성에는 차이가 없었다. 수익성 면에 있어서는 110kg 출하돈 대비 130kg 출하돈은 두당 약 20,000원의 손실이 발생하는데 이는 도체품질과는 관계없이 거의 전적으로 A & B 등급의 한계도체중 초과로 인한 도체등급 저하 때문에 발생한 손실로서 만일 이들 등급의 도체중 상한선이 철폐되기만 한다면 130kg 출하돈이 110kg 출하돈보다 훨씬 더 경제성이 높을 것으로 예측되었다. 또한 이와 같은 결과를 토대로 본 연구진은 현행 도체등급 판정 기준을 무시한 암퇘지와 거세돼지의 적정 출하체중은 각각 135 & 125kg 수준이고 이때 암퇘지와 거세돼지의 등지방두께 예측치는 각각 22.5 & 24.0mm라는 결론을 내린 바 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 선행연구의 결론과 같이 암퇘지와 거세돼지를 각각 135 & 125kg까지 비육․도축했을 때 성장효율, 도체의 품질 관련 이화학적 특성과 관능적 수용성 및 경제성을 분석하여 기 발표된 결론의 타당성을 확인․검증하고자 수행되었다.