• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.155-162
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of the mixed application of chemical fertilizer (CF) and liquid swine manure (LSM) on the agronomic characteristics, dry matter yield, amino acids, minerals, and free sugars in cultivating Sorghum ${\times}$ Sudangrass hybrid (SSH) on paddy soil. The field experiment was designed in a randomized block design with three replications and consisted of CF 100% (C), CF 70% + LSM 30% (T1), CF 50% + LSM 50% (T2), CF 30% + LSM 70% (T3), and LSM 100% treatment (T4). The application of LSM was based solely on the nitrogen. Plant length, leaf length, leaf width and number of leaf were significantly higher in T4 (p<0.05), but stem diameter did not show significant differences among treatments. Stem hardness increased significantly (p<0.05) as the LSM application rate decreased, but sugar degree decreased significantly (p<0.05) as the LSM application rate decreased. Fresh yield, dry matter yield and TDN yield were the highest in T4, whereas the lowest in T2 (p<0.05). Crude protein, crude fat and crude ash were the highest in C, T4 and T2, respectively (p<0.05). However, NDF and ADF did not show significant difference among treatments. Crude fiber decreased significantly (p<0.05) as the LSM application rate increased. The total mineral content was decreased significantly (p<0.05) as the LSM application rate increased. Total amino acid content was higher in the order of T1> C> T3> T4> T2 (p<0.05). Free sugar content increased significantly (p<0.05) as the LSM application rate increased. The analysis of all the above results suggests that the application of liquid swine manure is very effective, considering the yield performance and the content of sugar degree and free sugar. In addition, liquid swine manure may be possible to grow Sorghum ${\times}$ Sudangrass hybrid without chemical fertilizer.

• The Korean Journal of Soil Zoology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.125-131
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• 2000

Disposing technique for dairy cattle manure using earthworms and the possibility of utilizing earthworms in poultry feed were investigated. In addition, chemical properties of manure and cast of earthworms were investigated. Temperature in the vinyl-house for earthworm nursery was able to be maintained above 0$\^{C}$ in winter and 25-28$\^{C}$ in summer. In closed-covering method, the number of escaped earthworms was the highest among three covering methods. The time was longer after manure excretion, the numbers of escaped earthworm were higher. There were some incidences of mortality of earthworm in closed-covering site. The amount of manure ingested by earthworm was increased in order of non-covering, closed-covering and gap-covering method. Fresh manure was more ingested than old one by earthworm. Earthworms reduced manure about 50% on the dry weight base and reduced total amounts of N, P$_2$O$\_$5/ and K$_2$O of manure by 41, 50 and 60%, respectively. Earthworm could be utilized by adult poultry (>60 g) for feeding. However, adverse effect of live earthworm was observed with young poultry (<450 g).

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.155-163
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• 1999

Nutrient balance during rice cultivation in the paddy of a local area under the environmental protection for drinking water supply was investigated. To compare nutrient balance in the paddy soil applied with different types of fertilization, 7 treatments were selected as followings : Recommended level of chemical fertilizers(R), Conventional fertilization(CF), Fresh cow manure(FCM), Cow manure compost(CMC), Straw compost+reduced chemical fertilizer(SCF), Fresh straw+recommended level of fertilizers(FSC), and no fertilization as control(C). Here, FCM, CMC and SCF were applied at the same level of total nitrogen as recommended in R. Rice yield was the highest in the recommendation(R) and fresh cow manure (FCM) treatments with $6,730kg\;ha^{-1}$(index 100), and followed by SCF (index 98), FSC (index 98), CMC(index 94), and CF(index 94). But statistically significant difference was not recognized among treatments except the control. Nitrogen infiltration loss was high in the simple chemical fertilizer treatments with $63kg\;ha^{-1}$ in CF and $58kg\;ha^{-1}$ in R during rice cultivation, respectively. Nitrogen infiltration loss was decreased below half level of chemical fertilizer treatments with cow manure treatments ($23kg\;ha^{-1}$ in FCM and $27kg\;ha^{-1}$ in CMC) and with reducing chemical fertilizer treatment by adding straw compost ($25kg\;ha^{-1}$). Phosphate was not leached during rice cultivation in paddy soil of a fluvial deposit type, in which oxidation horizon was developed broadly under around 15 cm depth of surface soil. Phosphate balance (A-B) was closed to 0 in all treatments except cow manure treatment (CMC), in which it was $+30kg\;ha^{-1}$ and show the possibility of over accumulation of phosphate by continuously replicated application of cow manure compost. Potassium balance was negative value in all but straw recycling treatment (FSC). It means that potassium was continuously supplied from soil minerals, uptaken by plants or eluted out of soil. In conclusion, by substituting inorganic fertilizer for organic fertilizer or reducing application rate of chemical fertilizer through mixing organic fertilizer, it would be possible to achieve the same rice yield as in the recommendation treatment and to decrease nutrient leaching below half level in rice paddy soil.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.96-102
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was estimate the optimal phosphorus and calcium levels of Korean native cow manure on the growth and cast production of earthworm(Eisenia foetida). Phosphorus and calcium levels supplemented to cow manure were 0%(without earthworm), 2% and 4%, and 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.04% and 0.06% of the cow manure by weight, respectively. The maximum fresh weight and increasing rate of earthworm were obtained with 2% phosphorus level, but there was not significant differences between calcium levels. The ratios of available phosphorus to calcium contents of cast were 1.04-1.20:1 with 2%, and 1.28-1.37:1 with 4% phosphorus levels. Conversion rate of organic matter to earthworm tissue were 0.35-0.41% with 2%, and 0.25-0.40% with 4% phosphorus levels.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.982-985
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• 2002

A study was carried out to determine glucose kinetics, nutrient balance and milk production of lactating Etawah crossbred goats. The animals (27.2 to 29.1 kg BW) were randomly divided into four levels of dietary treatment groups: the first group R1 received 100% (3 kg) fresh king grass (Penisetum purpuroides), the second group R2 received 75% king grass and 25% king grass silage prepared with chicken manure, the third group R3 received 50% king grass and 50% silage, and the fourth group R4 received 100% silage. In addition to the roughage, each group received 800 g of concentrate (CP 14.77% of DM; 17.26 MJ/kg). Animals fed king grass silage made with chicken manure were found to be superior to the group fed king grass alone. Glucose kinetics and retained energy were significantly affected. Calculations showed that glucose requirements for maintenance and milk production can be met for the groups with high levels of silage (R3 and R4). The values of glucose flux were in the range of 2.52 to 4.50 mg/min.kg $BW^{0.807}$ which are lower, but close to, the values for the temperate lactating dairy cow. The present glucose flux value for the lactating Etawah crossbred goat is higher than the previous value published from this laboratory.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.196-203
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• 1999

To establish the best rice cultivating system in the aspects of environment-loving agriculture, the amounts and patterns of nitrogen leached in the paddy soil were investigated with 7 treatments; Recommendation(R), Farmer's usual practice(FUP), Straw compost+chemical fertilizers reduced(SCF), Fresh straw+recommendation(FSC), Fresh cow manure(FCM), Cow manure compost(CMC), and no fertilization as Control(C). And SCF, FCM and CMC were applied with same amounts of total nitrogen to R. The infiltrated water samples were collected in ceramic porous cups which were buried at 60cm depth from the top. Concentrations of nitrate-N in irrigated water were $1.3mg\;l^{-1}$ on rice transplanting season when nutrients began to elute from paddy soil, and $0.4mg\;l^{-1}$ after breaking off irrigation. But it was $4-6mg\;l^{-1}$ in rice growing period. The maximum concentration of nitrate-N in leachate was not more than $7mg\;l^{-1}$ during rice cultivation. The amounts of nitrogen leached in R, FUP, SCF, FSR, FCM, CMC and C were 59, 63, 25, 41, 24, 27, $17kg\;ha^{-1}y^{-1}$ respectively. Nitrogen leaching was decreased to about 30% by supplement of fresh rice straw(FSC) to R. Furthermore, it was possible to reduce to over 50% of nitrogen leaching by reducing chemical fertilizer application(CF), or by substituting of chemical fertilizers with fresh cow manure(FCM) or cow manure compost(CMC). In added organic fertilizer treatments, the amounts of infiltrated nitrogen were less $13-46kg\;ha^{-1}y^{-1}$ than that of input by irrigation. This experiment showed that nutrients leaching was minimized by substitution of chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizer or by application of straw with chemical fertilizers in rice paddy soil and rice cultivation with suitable fertilizer management can work as a purifier rather than contaminator of water.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.211-217
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• 2005

Fresh hairy vetch (HV) as a green manure equivalent to $240kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ were incorporated into soil at corn planting in 1997 and 1998 to clarify the effects on changes of nitrogen (N) content in soil and corn plant. The influences of HV for the N of soil and plant were compared with those of ammonium nitrate (AN) in terms of mineralization and microbial biomass. During early decomposition of HV residue, the content of $NO_3-N$ in HV plot was as much as 60-70% of that in AN plot in surface soil of 0-15 cm depth. In addition, soil microbial biomass N (SMBN) by HV residue was increased up to $10-20mg\;kg^{-1}$ more than that by AN. Some mineral N from HV seemed to be released slowly until late corn growth stage judging from high content of $NO_3-N$ in both corn stem at silking stage and soil at harvest. There were no difference of N accumulations in corn plant at silking stage between HV and AN plots in both 1997 and 1998. At harvesting stage, a total of plant N accumulation in HV plot in 1997 was 8% less than that in AN plot while in 1998 it was 19% more. It was concluded that fresh HV green manure equivalent to $240kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ was good enough to substitute the same amount with chemical N fertilizer by slow releasing of mineral N from HV residue in soil.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2018

The veterinary antibiotics treated to livestock have a potential risk to reach to soil and water environment, and eventually be taken up by plants. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of zeolite and shell meal fertilizer amendment on antibiotic uptake by plant when veterinary antibiotics in chicken manure compost were applied to agricultural land. Model antibiotics used in the study were chlortetracycline (CTC), tylosin (TYL), and sulfamethazine (SMT). Chlortetracycline level in lettuce was decreased to less than $0.08ug\;kg^{-1}$ by application of zeolite as compared with about $0.26ug\;kg^{-1}$ for control without amendment on 33 days after transplanting. Tylosin was not detected for all the treatment. Sulfamethazine levels in lettuce ranged from 11 to $19{\mu}g\;kg^{-1}$ on a fresh weight basis and gradually decreased with time. Zeolite application decreased the SMT levels in lettuce by greater extent than shell meal fertilizer amendments. Results from the 61-d greenhouse experiment imply that application of zeolite at a rate of $1.5Mg\;ha^{-1}$ or shell meal fertilizer at a rate of $2.0Mg\;ha^{-1}$ can reduce CTC and SMT concentration in lettuce cultivated in soil fertilized with antibiotic-contaminated chicken manure compost.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.1202-1208
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• 2015

The effects of daily dietary Bacillus subtilis (Bs), and adding L-tryptophan, fructan, or casein to fecal fermentation broths were investigated as means to reduce the production of noxious gas during manure fermentation caused by ammonia, hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$), and 3-methylindole (skatole). Eighty swine ($50.0{\pm}0.5kg$) were equally apportioned to an experimental group given Bs in daily feed, or a control group without Bs. After 6 weeks, fresh manure was collected from both groups for fermentation studies using a $3{\times}3$ orthogonal array, in which tryptophan, casein, and fructan were added at various concentrations. After fermentation, the ammonia, $H_2S$, L-tryptophan, skatole, and microflora were measured. In both groups, L-tryptophan was the principle additive increasing skatole production, with significant correlation (r = 0.9992). L-tryptophan had no effect on the production of ammonia, $H_2S$, or skatole in animals fed Bs. In both groups, fructan was the principle additive that reduced $H_2S$ production (r = 0.9981). Fructan and Bs significantly interacted in $H_2S$ production (p = 0.014). Casein was the principle additive affecting the concentration of ammonia, only in the control group. Casein and Bs significantly interacted in ammonia production (p = 0.039). The predominant bacteria were Bacillus spp. CWBI B1434 (26%) in the control group, and Streptococcus alactolyticus AF201899 (36%) in the experimental group. In summary, daily dietary Bs reduced ammonia production during fecal fermentation. Lessening L-tryptophan and increasing fructan in the fermentation broth reduced skatole and $H_2S$.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.473-478
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• 2011

A wide diversity of liquid fertilizers and composts produced from the livestock manure in Korea is commonly applied to agricultural lands as an alternative of chemical fertilizers. However, their effects on the crop production and environmental impacts are still vague. The current study was conducted to understand the effects of the pig manure-based liquid fertilizer on the growth of Zea mays L. and soil properties. Four different liquid fertilizers were treated to each cultivated upland plot located in Gyeong-gi province, Korea while no fertilizer (control A) and a chemical fertilizer (control B) were treated to separate plots for comparison. The liquid fertilizer treatment did not make a significant difference in the fresh weight of Zea mays L. compared to the controls. This is probably due to the nutrient residues carried over from the last year fertilization. Electric conductivity (EC) and organic matter contents in soils were increased right after the liquid fertilizer treatments compared to the controls. However, soil pH was maintained as the same as the level of control A. A long-term effect of the continuous treatment of the manure based liquid fertilizer will be carried out in the successive study.