• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.589-602
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• 2011

In this study, experiments were conducted to determine the effect of different compost teas on plant growth reponses and yield of leaf lettuce. Compost tea is a liquid extract of compost obtained by mixing compost and water for a defined period of time. The pig manure and spent mushroom compost were made by steeping compost in water. Compost tea was aerated from 24 hours and molasses and kelp were added as supplements. The four types of compost were tested growth of lettuce. EC of animal manure compost tea was higher than that of spent mushroom compost tea. Mineral nutrients were significantly higher in animal manure compost tea compared with spent mushroom compost tea. Compost tea contains nutrient and a ranges of different organisms. The beneficial fungi and actinomycetes were prominent in a spent mushroom compost tea. Compost tea from animal manure had the higher numbers of total bacteria. The actinomycetes densities were high in spent mushroom compost tea. But actinomycetes were not founded in animal manure compost tea. The growth characteristics of lettuce in animal manure compost tea were higher than those of spent mushroom compost tea. And also SPAD value in leaf was high in plot treated with animal manure compost tea. The fresh yield of lettuce in animal compost tea was higher by 181% that of control plot. The effect of compost tea on growth of lettuce was largely attributable to mineral nutrient.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.689-696
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• 2015

The green manure crops are returned to soil when the plants are still green. The green manure crops play a role in reducing chemical fertilizers, improvement of soil fertility, reduction of soil erosion, weed control, and landscapes effect. Typical green manure crops are barley green manure, hairy vetch, chines milk vetch and clovers. We sowed 49 species of green manure crops in upland soil to increase the usage of green manure crops. We searched the effectiveness of green manure yield, C/N ratio, soil mulching, and landscape effect. The green manure crops that have $5tonha^{-1}$ or more of green manure yield (fresh weight) were 6 gramineous crops, 4 leguminous crops, and 3 others. Green manures yield in a short growth period was higher in gramineous crops than leguminous crops. Among the green manure crops, 3 gramineous crops, 12 leguminous crops, and 3 others were under 25 in C/N ratio. Seven gramineous crops, 8 leguminous crops, and 5 others were over 50% of soil covering rate. Green manure crops that have beautiful flowers were in total 16 kinds, such as 4 gramineous crops, 6 leguminous crops, and 6 others. In result, based on green manure yield and C/N ratio, excellent species in the green manure crops were 4 species (triticale, 2 kinds of hairy vetch, and lupin). Green manure crops that were effective at soil mulching were 20 species, like hairy vetch, oats, sorghum, phacelia, buckwheat, etc. Buckwheat, crotalaria, mustard plant, phacelia, and etc. could be available for landscape crops.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.171-174
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the quantity and characteristics of manure and urine produced by lactating sow fed commercial diet for 24 days. 3 way cross bred 10 lactating sows with litters were alloted at farrowing pen. Crude protein and digestible energy were 14% and 3,467 kcal in diet, respectively. Average body weight of sow was 237.5kg. Feces with urine was produced 6.98kg per day by lactating sow ranging from 5.72 to 7.93kg. Manure solid was produced 2.75 kg per day ranging from 2.17 to 3.87kg and urine 4.23kg per day ranging from 3.55 to 4.06kg, respectively. Dry matter of feces and urine were 29.91 and 1.54%, respectively. Nitrogen and phosphorus contents in fresh feces were 0.86 and 0.30%, respectively. Nitrogen content in urine was 0.86, and phosphorus in urine was 0.47%. pH in manure was 6.73 and in urine was 8.38 respectively. Biochemical oxygen demand and suspended solid in urine were 5,196 and 308mg/$\ell$, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.209-209
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• 2017

The application of liquid swine manure to soil has been commonly reported to increase crop productivity by improving plant nutrient availability. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of liquid swine manure (LSM) application on yield of green manure crops in paddy. Three different application rates of LSM equivalent to 25%, 50%, and 75% of standard fertilization rate of P were applied to the paddy field after rice harvest, and two cover crops, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), were subsequently mix-seeded and cultivated. Plant height of barley was 7% higher in LSM P25% and LSM P50% compared to control treatment (no LSM application), while no significant difference was observed between LSM P75% and control. However, there were no significant differences in plant height of hairy vetch among treatments. Dry matter (DM) yield of green manure increased with LSM application rate, reaching a maximum at LSM P50% (38 and 17% yield increase over control for hairy vetch and barley, respectively), but it decreased at LSM P75% rate. Nitrogen production by green manure crops was the highest in LSM P50% treatment, where the amount of produced N was 57% higher than the optimum N fertilization level for rice ($90kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$). Excess green manure biomass above an optimum level can be removed and utilized either for incorporation into nearby cropland or for sale as fresh forage. Therefore, it is concluded that the application rate of LSM P50% is recommendable for the maximum biomass and nitrogen production from green manure crops in paddy.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.353-359
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• 1996

Micro plot study was conducted to elucidate the behavior of nitrogen derived from animal manure in soil and to obtain the fundamental information on animal waste management. Soils used in this experiment were sandy loam and loam. Soil water samplers (1m length ceramic cup tube) were installed at 90cm depth of soil to collect the percolate. Fresh and fermented pig manure were applied at the rate of 0, 50, 100 ton per ha. Maize was grown to evaluate the effect of crop on nitrogen behavior through soil profile. Concentration of nitrate nitrogen in percolate increased by application of pig manure. This trend was more obvious at the loam with fermented pig manure than sandy loam with fresh pig manure treatment. The concentration of nitrate nitrogen was lower under the maize cultivation than bare soil condition by 64.6-68.9%. Concentration of Ca, Mg and Na of soil and percolate increased as nitrate nitrogen concentration increased. The equivalent ratio of cation to nitrate nitrogen of percolate was increased by application of pig manure. This result showed that canon leaching was accompanied by nitrate nitrogen. Concentration of nitrate nitrogen of subsurface soil was increased by pig manure application.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2015

This study was conducted to determine the amount of manure production from Holstein dairy cattle raised in bedded pack barn and the appropriate bedding material removal time. Total six heads of dairy cows (about 715 kg weight) were raised in three pens (two heads per pen) for 62 days. Average daily production of manure containing sawdust bedding was 21.2 kg per head and that of manure excluding bedding was 18.7 kg. Moisture content of bedding materials were significantly increased up to 86% of water holding capacity (WHC) of sawdust during the first 30 days. It kept very stable level after 30 to 50 days. Theoretically, 30 days after adding fresh bedding seems to be proper removal time only based on WHC. On the other hand, from a practical perspective, maximum 50 days after adding new bedding would be fine by comprehensively considering various factors such as bedding material purchasing cost, feeding environment and manure treatment.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.431-434
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• 2001

This study was carried oui to investigate tile filtering performance of using fresh compost as a biofilter. Three biofilter vessels were made using fresh compost as a biofilter media. A mixtures of dairy manure, soy sludge, rice hulls and sawdust were composted in a pilot scale reactor of 605L to generate tile ammonia emission. The ammonia emission from the compost reactor was passed through three biofilters and collected in the boric acid trap to measure the ammonia emission. Filtering performance was influenced by the depth of biofilter media. Efficient filtering effect was acquired for the depth above 40 cm.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.100-108
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• 1998

Compost stability represents the state of microbiological activity and measurements of respiration either through $CO_2$ evolution or $O_2$ uptake should provide the best indication of this state. Hog manure amended with sawdust was composted in a pilot-scale reactor vessels using continuous and intermittent aeration for 3 weeks. In this study we evaluated the $CO_2$ respiration rate effect of aeration method on the reduction of $CO_2$ evolution, and investigated the stability of fresh and finished compost for plant growth. The intermittently aerated composting is a practical proposition for a very stable compost making. The $CO_2$ respiration rate in the fresh and finished compost during intermittently aerated composting was maintained from 0.3 to 1.4 and was good for use in horticulture, while the continuously aerated composting was 7 to 23 and needed more time for compost curing.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.57 no.5
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• pp.20.1-20.8
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• 2015

Background: In order to prepare for the regulation about the limit of manure production, the status of manure management and the amount of nutrients in the compost discharged from Hanwoo breeding farm shall be known. This study aimed to find the practical amount of nutrients (volatile solids, VS; total nitrogen, T-N; total phosphorus, T-P) in manure, and compost samples collected from 40 Hanwoo breeding farms and the loss of the nutrients was calculated during the composting period, which supports to develop nutrient loading coefficients (NLCs) for each nutrient. Results: Although the addition of bedding materials for composting caused the increase of the VS amount before composting, the comparison of VS, N, and P amounts in between manure and compost showed the lower VS by 4 % as well as T-N and T-P amounts by 69 and 40 %, respectively, of which values were corresponded with the NLCs of 0.96, 0.31, and 0.60 for VS, N, and P, respectively, based on the questionnaire, and sample analyses. Considering with the environmental impacts including land application from Hanwoo manure, P loss should be zero before and after composting. In this regard, nitrogen loss of 50 % occurs and VS was increased by 30 %. In addition, feasible cases for the calculations based on the notification from Ministry of Environment were compared with this study. Conclusions: The development of NLCs from Hanwoo manure in this study implies that the loss of nutrients in manure occurs during the composting or storing period. The mass balances of N and P from livestock manure to land application may be overestimated over the practical values. It is necessary to build up the database about each livestock category other than Hanwoo.

• Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.59-64
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• 2002

Odor generated during composting of livestock manure is mainly due to ammonia emission. Biofiltration is a desirable method to control composting odor. This study was conducted to analyze the efficiency of using fresh compost as a biofilter. A mixture of cattle manure and recycled compost was composted in a bin equipped with a suction-type blower. The exhaust gas was filtered through the fresh compost. Residence time was controlled by the flow rate of exhaust gas and the depth of filtering materials. At the aeration rate of 30 L/min(experiment I), ammonia reduction rate varied from 100% to -15% for biofilter A(residence time 56.5 s) and almost 100% for biofilter B(residence time 113 s). At the aeration rate of 30 L/min, the cumulative ammonia reduction rate was 80.5% for biofilter A and 99.9% for biofilter B. At the aeration rate of 50 L/min(experiment II), the lowest reduction rate showed a negative value of -350% on the 8th and 9th day for biofilter A(residence time 33.9 5), and 50% on the loth day for biofilter B(residence time 67.8s). At the aeration rate of 50 L/min, the cumulative ammonia reduction rate was 82.5% fur biofilter A and 97.4% for biofilter B. Filtering efficiency was influenced by residence time. The moisture content(MC) and total nitrogen(T-N) of the filtering material were increased by absorbing moisture and ammonia included in the exhaust gas, while pH was decreased and total carbon(T-C) remained unchanged during the filtering operation.