• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.48-53
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• 1995

Changes in the contents of sugar, organic acid, free amino acid and uncleic acid-related compounds of leaf mustard-Kimchi during fermentation at 5~7$^{\circ}C$ were investigated. The leaf mustard-Kimchi was formulated with 4kg leaf mustard, 120g garlic, 80g ginger, 540ml salted anchovies, 1kg green onion, 200g red pepper powder, 200g ground red pepper, 60g whole sesame and 600ml glutinous rice paste. Changes in pH and acidity were relatively slow. Major free sugars were glucose(0.13%) and maltose(0.42%), and residual sugars(0.03-0.04%) were also detected after 32 days of fermentation. Major free amino acids containing more than 26.5mg% were proline, glutamic acid, alanine and histidine. Contents of total free amino acids increased from 244.8 to 397.2mg% by 24 days of fermentation. Of non-volatile organic acid, lactic acid was the most abundant(119.3mg%), and its content increased markedly after 10 days of fermentation. Other organic acids(below 53.1mg%) observed were malic, oxalic and citric acid. Contents of nucleic acid-related compounds were high in the order of hypoxanthine(22.8mg%), IMP(8.3mg%) and GMP(6.9mg%). Hypoxanthine content increased by 10 days(27.3mg%) and decreased thereafter, while the others decreased gradually during the overall period of fermentation.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.291-298
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• 1996

Free amino acid (FAA) compositions in the central part (pith-xylem : P-X) and the outer part (phloem-cortex : P-C) of root were investigated for P ginseng (P.g), p. quinque-folium (P.q) an, B P nutoginsen (P.n) by an amino acid analyzer. Total free amlno acids content (TFAA) was highest in p.맥 and lowest in p.n. The TFAA of P-Xs were higher than those of P-Cs in these Panax species except p.n. The higher the TFAA in P-X, the higher the ratio of TFAA in P-X to that in P-C. Seven- teen free amino acids and ammonia were identified, and four unknown peaks appeared before the usual amino acids eluted. The total aspartic acid equivalent of these unknown peaks was corresponded to 77% of known TFAA in P-C of p.n, 17% in P. n, and 7% in p.q. The pattern of unknown peaks of p.g was different from p.q and similar to P.n. In all samples six major amino acids and ammonia accounted for 90~95% of TFAA. Arginine was comprised from 29% (P.n) to 43% (P.g) by amole as amino acid and from 50 to 71% by amole as nitrogen (N amole) in TFAA. Ammonia was the second abundant one by amole and the third by Npmole. Histidine was the second by Npmole. Praline was one of major FAA in p.q. Pattern similarity of FAA composition (excluding Arg and Am) by simple correlation was closer between P-C of p.g and P-X of p.q than between both P-Xs and quite different between the P-X of p.g and that of p.n. The pattern similarities of major FAA percent abundance excluding Arg and Am were significant only between P-X and P-C of the same species. Arginine content (amole) had positive correlation (r=0.859, p=0.05) with Arg/Am among species. Ammonia content was higher than arginine in p.n. Tryptophan content was greatest in p.n among species and higher than lysine only in p.n. The ratios of TFAA to N(W/W) were in the range of 3.89~4.14 for TFAA and 3.61~3.92 for TFAA plus ammonia.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제9권
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• pp.83-90
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• 1968

오종(五種)의 숙성(熟成) 내장(內臟)젓을 수집(蒐集)하여 분석(分析)하였던 바 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1) 오종(五種)의 창젓에 관(關)한 일반분석결과(一般分析結果)는 다음과 같다. 항목(項目) 수분(水分)(%) 조단백(粗蛋白)(%) 조회분(粗灰分)(%) 염분(鹽分)(%) 회분(灰分)(%) 시료(試料) 전복창젓 61.7, 7.13, 21.8, 20.5, 1.3 조기창젓 62.5, 11.19, 20.1, 18.5, 1.8 갈치창젓 59.8, 10.38, 24.8, 22.4, 2.2 명태창젓(속초) 64.8, 8.56, 23.5, 21.97, 1.54 명태창젓(제주) 72.8, 8.66, 16.1, 15.3, 0.8 2) 창젓의 염분(鹽分)을 보통 $18{\sim}22%$ 정도이다. 3) 오종(五種)의 창젓중(中)에서 paper chromatography 법(法)에 의(依)해서 다음 같은 amino acids가 검출(檢出)되었다. Amion acids Free amino acids 종류(種類) 전복창젓 Cys., Hyd ypro., Thr., Lys., Glu., Ser., His., Try., Gly., Thr., Arg., Ala., met., phe., Leu., Isoleu., Pro. 조기창젓 Asp., Cys., Iys., Ser., His., Try., Gly., Thr., Arg., Hydpro., Tyr., ala., Val., met., phe., Leu., Isoleu., Pro. 갈치창젓 Cys., Lys., Gly., Ser., His., Try., Glu., 쏙., Arg., Hyd pro., Tyr., Ala., Met., Phe. 명태창젓(속초) Asp., Cys., Lys., Ser., His., Try., Gly., Thr., Hyd pro., Tyr., Ala., Met., Phe., Leu., Isoleu., Pro. 명태창젓(제주) Asp., Cys., Lys., Glu., Ser., His., Try., Gly., Thr., Hyd pro., Tyr., Ala., Val., met., phe., Leu., Isoleu., Pro. 4) 창젓류(類)에는 valine을 제외(除外)한 7종(種)의 필수(必須) amino acids Ieucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine tryptophan, methionine, threonine, lysine, 이 모두 존재(存在)한다. 5) 7종(種)의 필수(必須) amino acids 중(中)에서 tryptophan 함량(含量)은 극(極)히 적었다. 6) 창젓중(中) 함량(含量)이 제일 많은 것은 tyrosine 이며, 그다음이 hydroxyproline이다.

• 환경생물
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.148-152
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• 2004

본 실험은 백두산 자생 참돌꽃의 발아조건과 종자, 유식물 및 뿌리유래 캘러스의 유리 아미노산 조성과 함량을 조사하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 뿌리로부터 캘러스 유도는 2,4-D 및 NAA가 첨가된 MS배지에서 유도되었다. 캘러스 형성율은 2,4-D 2.0 mg $L^{-1}$에 kinetin 1.0 mg $L^{-1}$ 혼용 처리구가 NAA 2.0 mg $L^{-1}$에 kinetin 1.0 mg $L^{-1}$ 혼용 처리구보다 캘러스 형성율이 높았다. 유리 아미노산은 종자, 줄기, 뿌리 그리고 캘러스에서 aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine 및 glycine 등의 25∼26종이 검출되었으며 종자, 줄기 그리고 뿌리부위에서는 lysine이 가장 많은 양을 나타냈으며 캘러스에서는 histidine이 높은 양을 나타냈다. 전체적인 유리아미노산 분포는 lysine, histidine 및 arginine의 함량이 높아 참돌꽃 유식물 및 캘러스의 경우 염기성 아미노산의 분포가 높은 식물임을 알 수 있었다. 또한 총 유리 아미노산 함량은 종자와 뿌리, 줄기에 비해 캘러스에서 신선중 g당 500∼l,000$\mu$mo1e정도 높아 우수한 약리작용을 지니고 있는 참돌꽃의 성분을 배양세포를 통하여 대량생산이 가능함을 시사하고 있다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.211-218
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• 1991

The effects of dietary fiber on true digestibility of amino acids by growing pigs were studied, using semi-purified diets formulated from alfalfa meal, cassava leaf meal, rubber seed meal and leucacna meal at 20% level. A protein-free diet including 5% cellulose was formulated for correcting the endogenous amino acid loss. Across all the diets, arginine was the most digestible while the least at ileal level was threonine; methionine and/or histidine at fecal level respectively. The true digestibility value of amino acids at ileal level were higher than at fecal level except control diet (cellulose). The true digestibility values at ileal level were similar for all diets but differed at fecal level in different magnitude. These results indicate that undigestible compound in individual feedstuff might confound. True digestibility should be studied together for accurate diet formulation as apparent digestibility decreased when their amino acid concentration in the diet was reduced.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.482-489
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• 2018

Background: This study was carried out to determine the physicochemical components of Rehmannia glutinosa (RG) fermented with Rhizopus delemar. Methods and Results: Physicochemical components such as changes in moisture content, pH value, total acidity, amount of reducing sugars as well as quantity of free sugars, free amino acids, and catalpol were investigated. Result showed that, the moisture content ranged from 64.26 to 65.51%. The pH and total acidity of the fermented RG decreased significantly during fermentation. The reducing sugar content ranged from 0.10 to 1.34%. The most abundant main free sugars were identified as raffinose, xylose, glucose, fructose, and sucrose. The sucrose content in 80% ethanol and in water extracts increased during RG fermentation. In total, 26 free amino acids were detected, including seven essential amino acids. In addition, the quantity of free amino acids decreased significantly during fermentation. Finally, the catalpol content of the fermented RG was highest on the $2^{nd}$ day of fermentation at 2,028.67 mg/ 100 g. Conclusions: These results indicated that fermentation of Rhizopus delemar could be used to enhance biological activity, and that fermented RG could be used as a functional material and as an edible resource in food and functional materials industries.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.442-453
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to compare differences in the main food components between Korean and imported quinoa from Peru, the U.S., and Thailand. Proximate composition of Korean quinoa showed highest crude protein and crude ash, while Korean quinoa had lowest moisture. Total amino acid content was higher in Korean quinoa than in imported quinoa. Fatty acid content was highest in quinoa cultivated in the U.S. and Wonju. Quinoa cultivated in Wonju was rich in palmitic acid, lignoceric acid, linoleic acid, eicosadienoic acid, erucic acid, and nervonic acid. Mineral content was higher in Korean quinoa than in imported quinoa. Quinoa cultivated in Wonju showed highest contents of P, Mg, Zn, while quinoa cultivated in Hongcheon showed the highest content of Na. Citric acid was found the major organic acid in quinoa. Citric acid content was highest in quinoa imported from the U.S. and lowest in quinoa cultivated in Hongcheon. Among free sugar, raffinose and glucose contents were highest in quinoa cultivated in Hongcheon, The results of this study show Korean quinoa has high contents of protein, amino acids, fatty acids, minerals and free sugar, offering essential amino acids in an excellent balance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.619-622
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• 1993

Rumen bacterial amino acids in sheep on urea diet were monitored to assess a possible change in amino acid synthesis as a long term response to high rumen ammonia environment. A sheep was fed a semipurified diet with soybean meal, followed by a diet with urea as a main nitrogen source. Mixed rumen bacteria were harvested from ruminal fluid taken 3 h after feeding (twice in soybean meal feeding and 6 times in urea feeding) and fractionated as cell wall, proteins and protein-free cell supernatant of monitor amino acids in each fraction. Ruminal ammonia concentration at the sampling ranged from 5.7 to 39.5 mgN/dl. Cell wall and protein fractions of mixed rumen bacteria were stable in their amino acid composition regardless of nitrogen sources of diet and the feeding duration. However, protein-free cell supernatant fraction showed a higher alanine proportion with urea feeding (18.6 and 28.2 molar % of alanine for samples from sheep fed soybean meal and urea, respectively) and its duration (20.6 and 32.9 molar % for samples from sheep on urea diet for 1 and 65 days, respectively). Total free amino acid level of bacteria was depressed in the initial period of urea feeding but restored on 65th day of the feeding. These results suggest that an alanine synthesizing system may develop in rumen bacteria as urea feeding becomes longer.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.30-36
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• 2018

A quantitation method for free amino acids in human serum was developed using a stepwise-dilution method and a bimodal cation exchange (CEX)/hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)-tandem mass spectrometry system equipped with an electrospray ionization source (ESI/MS/MS). This method, which was validated using quality control samples, was optimized for enhanced selectivity and sensitivity. Dithiothreitol (DTT) was used as a reducing agent to prevent the oxidation of a serum sample ($50{\mu}L$), which was then subjected to stepwise dilution using 3, 30, and 90 volumes of acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid. Chromatographic separation was performed on an Imtakt Intrada Amino Acid column ($50mm{\times}3mm$, $3{\mu}m$) in mixed mode packed with CEX and HILIC ligands embedded in the stationary phase. Underivatized free amino acids were eluted and separated within 10 min. As a result of the validation, the precision and accuracy for the inter- and intraday assays were determined as 2.11-11.51% and 92.82-109.40%, respectively. The lowest limit of quantification (LLOQ) was $0.5-4.0{\mu}g/mL$ and the matrix effect was 80.22-115.93%. The proposed method was successfully applied to the quantitative analysis of free amino acids in human serum.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.174-178
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• 2002

감초추출물의 농도를 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 300 ppm and 400 ppm로 조절하여 콩을 발아시켜 재배한 콩나물의 아미노산, 유기산 및 유리당 함량을 재배 2일, 3일 및 4일째에 분석하였다. 총 아미노산 함량은 100 ppm에서 3일간 재배하였을 때가 가장 높았고, 또한 재배일수가 길어질수록 aspartic acid 함량은 증가하지만, glutamic acid 함량은 오히려 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 총 유리당은 GGE 콩나물의 경우 대조군에 비하여 낮은 함량을 나타내었으며, 그러나 재배일수가 증가할수록 그 함량은 많아졌다 Sucrose함량은 재배일수가 길어질수록 감소하였으나, 다른 유리당은 오히려 증가하였다 총 유기산은 재배일수가 증가할수록 많은 함량을 나타내었으며, 200 ppm으로 재배한 콩나물이 가장 많은 함량을 나타내었다. 결론적으로 감초추출물은 콩나물의 품질증진을 위한 아미노산 및 유기산 함량을 증가시키는 발아 및 재배수로서 효과적일 것으로 판단된다.