• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.460-470
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• 2013

Forest vegetation of Choksangsan area in the Deogyusan National Park is classified into mountain forest vegetation. Mountain forest vegetation is subdivided into deciduous broad-leaved forest, valley forest, coniferous forest, afforestation and other vegetation. Including 103 communities of mountain forest vegetation and 8 communities of other vegetation, the total of 111 communities were researched; the mountain forest vegetation classified by physiognomy classification are 36 communities deciduous broad-leaved forest, 26 communities of valley forest, 10 communities of coniferous forests, 31 plantation and 8 other vegetation. As for the distribution rate for surveyed main communities, Quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis communities account for 65.96 percent of deciduous broad-leaved forest, Fraxinus mandshurica community takes up 22.50 percent of mountain valley forest, Pinus densiflora community holds 63.27 percent of mountain coniferous forest holds. In conclusion, minority species consisting of Quercus mongolica, Fraxinus mandshurica, Quercus serrata, Pinus densiflora, and Quercus variabilis are distributed as dominant species of the uppermost part in a forest vegetation of Choksangsan in Deogyusan National Park. In addition, because of vegetation succession and climate factors, numerous colonies formed by the two species are expected to be replaced by Quercus mongolica, Carpinus laxiflora and Fraxinus mandshurica which are climax species in the area.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.24-29
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• 1983

This study was carried out to compare the diameter increment of seven major selected tree species which grow wild in middle area of Korea. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1) The difference in annual diameter increment among seven species according to D.B.H. classes showed to be the strongest in Juglang mandshurica, the second rank Corpus controversa, the third rank Betula platyphylla, the fourth rank Tilia amurensis, the second rank Fraxinus mendshurica, the sixth rank Populus davidiana, and the weakest in Ulmus davidiana. 2) Total diameter increment among seven species according to tree age classes were ranked as follows: Juglans mandshurica, Cornus controversa, Betula platyphylla, Tilia amurensis, Fraxinus mandshurica, Populus davidiana, and Ulmus davidiana. 3) Juglans mandshurica showed the highest diameter increment in comparison with other six species, while diameter increment in Ulmus davidiana and Populus davidiana decreased in earlier age than other species.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.22-29
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• 2009

To investigate the vegetation structure of mountain valley from Cheonwangbong to Seonneotang, 23 plots($400m^2$) set up with random sampling method were surveyed. Two groups of Abies koreana community, Fraxinus mandshurica-Acer pseudo-sieboldianum community were classified by cluster analysis. Abies koreana was a major woody plant species in the valley area from Cheonwangbong to Mapogpo, and Pinus koraiensis, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum and Sorbus amurensis was partly occupied. High positive correlations was proved between Picea jezoensis and Sorb us amurensis, Taxus cuspidata, Fraxinus sieboldiana, Kalopanax pictus; Betula costata and Betula platyphylla var. japonica, Corn us controversa; Abies koreana and Pinus koraiensis; Stephanandra incisa and Betula ermani, Acer tegmentosum, Prunus sargentii; Acer pseudo-sieboldianum and Betula ermani; Fraxinus mandshurica and Deutzia prunifolia, Acer tschonoskii var. rubripes; Sorbus amurensis and Kalopanax pictus; Betula platyphylla var.japonica and Cornus controversa; Lindera erythrocarpa and Lespedeza maximowiczii, Quercus serrata, Styrax obassia; Lindera obtusi/oba and Abies holophylla; Carpinus laxiflora and Lespedeza maximowiczii; Fraxinus sieboldiana and Acer tschonoskii var. rubripes, Pinus koraiensis, Taxus cuspidata; Acer tschonoskii var. rubripes and Taxus cuspidata; Quercus mongolia and Rhododendron schlippenbachii; Quercus serrata and Styrax obassia, and relatively high negative correlations was proved between Abies koreana and Deutzia prunifolia; Lindera obtusi/oba and Pinus koraiensis. Species diversity(H') of investigated groups was ranged $2.7478{\sim}2.9573$.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.4
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• pp.465-475
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• 2001

Based on the community structural attributes, such as species composition, diameter and height distribution, topographic position, and species diversity in the natural deciduous forest of Mt. Gari area, this study suggested desirable species and composition ratio to achieve ecological management of forests so as to maintain forest stability and enhance economical values. The results are as follows : 1. Twenty-five tree species were growing in the study forest. Of these Quercus mongolica, Pinus densiflora, Juglans mandshurica, Quercus serrata, Cornus controversa, Acer mono, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, and Tilia mandshurica were selected for desirable species through the evaluation of dominant and dominant potential. Kalopanax pictus, considered to be highly valuable species, was also included. 2. Taking account of different species composition pattern by topographic positions, we select as desirable species of J. mandshurica, C. controversa, Q. mongolica, A. mono, T. mandshurica, and F. rhynchophylla in the valley area, Q. mongolica, Q. serrata, A. mono, T. mandshurica, F. rhynchophylla, and K. pictus in the mid-slope area, and Q. mongolica, P. densiflora, Q. serrata, and Fraxinus rhynchophylla in the ridge area. 3. Based on the estimation of species diversity index for the overstory components, the reasonable forest stability levels of the indices were estimated at 1.96, 1.68, 1.94, and 1.27 for whole forest, valley, midslope, and ridge, respectively. 4. The recommended species composition ratios in the study forest were suggested Q. mongolica to be 30%, A. mono, F. rhynchophylla, Q. serrata, and T. mandshurica to be 10%~15%, J. mandshurica, P. densiflora, and C. controversa to be 5%~10%, and K. pictus to be 5%.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.145-151
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• 1997

A census of the forest vegetation of Mt. Kaya National Park was taken with respect to the medthods of ordination and classification. Eight groups were classified by cluster analysis : Quercus mongolica, Q. mongolica-Sasa borealis, Q. serrata, Q. variabilis, Carpinus laxiflora, Cornus controversa, Fraxinus mandshurica and Pinus densiflora. Among them, the Q. mongolica group and Q. mongolica-S. borealis group, the F. mandshurica group and C. controversa group showed similar floristic compositions to each other. The interrelationship between the floristic compositon of the vegetation and soil environment was analyzed by PCA, the Q. mongolica group and the Q. mongolica-S. borealis group were distributed in areas of high CEC and total nitrogen content, while the Q. serrata. Q. variabilis. C. laxiflora and Pinus densiflora groups formed their communities in the more moderate areas of pH, soil moisture and soil organic matter. F. mandshurica and C. controversa groups were distributed in the areas of high soil moisture, soil organic matter, pH and available phosphate.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.25-37
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• 2007

The vascular plants of the study area in the Daemisaem region were listed as 302 taxa; 81 families, 196 genera, 251 species, 1 subspecies, 42 varieties, 7 forms and 1 hybrid. Based on the list of Korean endemic plants, 7 taxa were recorded; Carex okamotoi, Salix purpurea var. japonica, Thalictrum uchiyamai, Lespedeza ${\times}$ tomentella, Weigela subsessilis, Aster koraiensis, Cirsium chanroenicum. Specific plants by floral region were total 21 taxa; Silene jenisseensis, Cimicifuga heracleifolia in class IV, 3 taxa (Lilium leichtlinii var. tigrinum, Betula davurica, Lonicera subhispida) in class III, 3 taxa (Viola tokubuchiana var. takedana, Ligularia fischeri, Cirsium chanroenicum) in class II, 13 taxa (Glyceria leptolepis, Meliosma oldhamii, Fraxinus mandshurica, etc.) in class I. The naturalized plants in this site were 8 families, 20 genera, 23 species, 1 varieties, 24 taxa and naturalization rate was 7.9% of all 302 taxa vascular plants. The vegetation community of the selected Daemisaem region were growth of configuration to slope, ridge and valley; Quercus variabilis community, Quercus serrata community, Quercus mongolica community, Salix koreensis community in the slope, Quercus mongolica community, Carpinus tschonoskii community in the ridge, Fraxinus mandshurica community, Carpinus laxiflora community, Acer mono community, Cornus controversa community, Morus bombycis community in the valley.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.439-444
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• 2000

Forest vegetation in Mt. Jangan County Park, Jeonlabuk-Do, Korea, was investigated by classification and ordination methods. By the cluster analysis (classification) method, nine groups were recognized as follows : Quercus serrata community, Quercus serrata- Carpinus laxiflora community, Cornus controversa community, Fraxinus mandshurica community, Carpinus laxiflora community, Quereus variabilis community, Quercus mongolica - Sasa borealis community. Quercus mongolica - Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa community and Quercus mongolica - Rhododendron schlippenbachii community. These groups showed differences in species composition and environmental characteristics, but Quercus mongolica - Sasa borealis community, Quercus mongolica - Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa community and Quercus mongolica - Rhododendron schlippenbachii community among them showed very similar floristic composition to each other. The interrelationship between the floristic composition of the vegetation and environmental factors was analysed by principal component analysis (PCA). Quercus mongolica community was distributed at a high altitude (900～1200 m above sea level). Fraxinus mandshurica community and Cornus controversa community were differentiated from the other communities with high contents of soil moisture and pH. On the other hand, Carpinus laxiflora community and Quercus variabilis community were distributed at places with adequate levels of soil moisture, soil organic matter. and at low altitude. In this study, the altitude and soil moisture were the main factors determining the forest vegetation. They were strongly correlated with the dominant compositional gradient at the localities examined.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.125-132
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• 1997

A study of forest vegetation in Mt. $T\v{o}kyu$ National Park was investigated by ordination technique. By TWINSPAN(Two-Way Indicator Species Analysis) method, 10 groups were recognized as follows: pinus densiflora, Quercus variabilis, Quercus serrata, Quercus mongolica-Rhododendron schlippenbachii, Quercus mongolica-Abies koreana, Quercus mongolica-Acer pseudo-sieboldi-amum, Quercus mongolica-Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa, Carpinus laxiflora, Fraxinus mandshurica and Taxus cuspidata groups. The floristic composition of these groups showed high correlation to soil moisture(r=0.831), altitude(r=0.784), topography(r=-0.722), organic matter(r=0.642), and pH(r=-0.509) among various environmental factors. According to the results of CCA(Canonical Correspondence Analysis) Pinus densiflora group and Quercus variabilis group were situated in a xeric area at a lower altitude where soil nutrients were poor compared with the other groups. Fraxinus mandshurica group was distributed throughout the valley with high soil moisture and good nutrients, Quercus serrata group and Carpinus laxiflora group were found in the low altitude region with good nutrients, Quercus mongolica group, at the high altitude region with good nutrients, and Quercus mongolica-Acer koreana and Taxus cuspidata at higher altitudes(1, 400-1600 m).

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.482-500
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to identify the phytosociological vegetation structure through a sampling survey of Mt. Jirisan National Park. And it was conducted to provide the latest data for establishing a conservation and management plan for forest ecosystems. As a result of TWINSPAN classification, it was classified into 4 communities. Group I is the Fraxinus mandshurica - Acer pseudosieboldianum Community, group II is the Quercus serrata - Quercus variabilis Community, group III is the Quercus mongolica Community, group IV is the Pinus densiflora Community. Group I is dominated by Fraxinus mandshurica in the canopy layer, and Cornus controversa and Quercus mongolica compete and maintain dominance. Group II is dominated by Quercus variabilis and Quercus serrata in canopy layer, and Styrax obassia and Styrax japonicus compete in sub-tree layer. In group III, Quercus mongolica has a high dominance of 67% in canopy layer and 27% in the sub-tree layer, and Acer pseudosieboldianum competes with the Quercus mongolica in the sub-tree layer. In group IV, Pinus densiflora showed a high dominance of 74% in canopy layer. The sub-tree layer is dominated by Quercus mongolica, and is accompanied by competition between Carpinus tschonoskii and Fraxinus sieboldiana.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.111-125
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• 1997

To investigate the climax forest structure and to construct the ecological basic data, forty nine plots were set up and surveyed in Mt. Minjuji, Chungchongpukdo. According to the analysis of classification by TWINSPAN, the community was divided by seven groups of Pinus densiflora-Carpinus laxiflora-Quercus serrata(community I), Q. mongolica-Q. serrata-Platycarya strobilacea(community II), Q. mongolica(community III), Fraxinus mandshurica-Acer mono(community IV), Cornus controversa-F. mandshurica(community V), F. mandshurica-Carpinus cordata(community VI), and F. mandshurica-C. laxiflora(community VII). In the results of the analysis of species structure, similarity, diversity and DBH, except for community I~III, it was founede out broadleaves-mixed-climax forest. Constructed basic data will be applied to sustainable development such as ecotourism, nature trail etc.