• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• 제30권4호
• /
• pp.309-316
• /
• 2003

연구목적: 스테로이드 계통의 에스트로겐 호르몬은 막 수용체와 결합하고 DNA에 부착되어, 자궁조직에서 발현되는 많은 유전자들의 발현 양상을 조절하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 난소를 제거한 생쥐 모델을 이용하여 에스트로겐에 의해 조절되는 전사 관련 유전자(transcription factor)들을 동정하고, early up-regulation gene으로 확인된 Fos related antigen (Fra1과 Fra2) 유전자의 발현 양상을 RT-PCR과 면역염색방법으로 살펴보았다. 연구재료 및 방법: 난소 절제술을 시행한 생쥐에 에스트로겐을 피하주사하고 2, 4, 6, 12시간 간격으로 자궁조직을 적출하였다. 대조군으로는 sesame oil만을 주사한 후 2시간째에 수획한 자궁조직을 사용하였으며, 시간대별로 채취한 자궁조직(n=4)에서 RT-PCR을 수행하였다. RT-PCR을 통해 early response gene으로 확인된 Fra1과 Fra2에 대한 에스트로겐의 영향을 살펴보기 위해 estrogen receptor antagonist인 ICI 182, 780을 주사하여 유전자 발현 양상의 변화를 살펴보았다. 또한, 자궁조직내에서의 단백질 발현 부위를 관찰하기 위해 면역조직화학염색을 실시하였다. 결 과: 생쥐 자궁조직에서 에스트로겐에 의해 발현 양상의 변화가 확인된 유전자는 early up-regulation genes (CREB2, Fra-1, 2, GATA5), late up-regulation gene (E2F1), no response genes (CREB1, ATF1, GLI3, E2F3), down-regulation genes (GLI2, E2F5, GATA-2, 3, 6) 등으로 구분할 수 있었다. 그 중 early up-regulation genes에 해당하는 Fra1과 Fra2 유전자는 ICI 182, 780에 의해 그 발현이 유의하게 감소되는 것을 확인하였다(p < 0.01). 이들 단백질은 생쥐 자궁조직의 상피세포층, 기질층, 근육층에서 고루 발현되었으며, 특히 근육층에서 강한 염색정도를 관찰할 수 있었다. 결 론: 이상의 결과를 통해 Fra1과 Fra2 유전자의 발현은 에스트로겐에 의해 조절됨을 알 수 있었으며, 이들의 강한 발현이 자궁조직의 근육층에서 관찰되어 이들의 기능에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
• /
• 제14권4호
• /
• pp.342-350
• /
• 2010

An optimal wideband gain flattened hybrid erbium-doped fiber amplifier/fiber Raman amplifier (EDFA/FRA) has been introduced. A new and effective optimization method called particle swarm optimization (PSO) is employed to find the optimized parameters of the EDFA/FRA. Numerous parameters which are the parameters of the erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) and the fiber Raman amplifier (FRA) define the gain spectrum of a hybrid EDFA/FRA. Here, we optimize the length, $Er^{3+}$ concentration, and pump power and wavelength of the EDFA and also pump powers and wavelengths of the FRA to obtain the flattest operating gain spectrum. Hybrid EDFA/FRA with 6-pumped- and 10-pumped-FRAs have been studied. Gain spectrum variations are 1.392 and 1.043 dB for the 6-pumped- and 10-pumped-FRAs, respectively, in the 108.5 km hybrid EDFA/FRAs, with 1 mW of input signal powers. Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) system with 60 signal channels in the wavelength range of 1529.2-1627.1 nm, i.e. the wide bandwidth of 98 nm, is studied. In this work, we have added FRA's pump wavelengths to the optimization parameters to obtain better results in comparison with the results presented in our previous works.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한기계학회 2007년도 춘계학술대회A
• /
• pp.467-472
• /
• 2007

A modern MEMS resonator is a micro-scale structure operated over a high frequency range. In order to predict its resonant behavior in a design process, High-frequency response analysis (Hi-FRA) is demanded. Algebraic substructuring (AS) is known as a fast numerical technique to construct an eigenspace for FR and frequency sweep (FS) algorithm efficiently solves the frequency response system projected on the eigenspace. However, the existing FS algorithm using AS is developed for low-FRA, say over the range 1Hz-2KHz. In this work, we extend the FS algorithm using AS for FRA over an arbitrary frequency range. Therefore, it can be efficiently applied to systems operated at a high frequency, say over the range 230MHz-250MHz. The success of the proposed method is demonstrated by Hi-FRA of a checkerboard resonator.

• 한국가스학회지
• /
• 제20권5호
• /
• pp.17-26
• /
• 2016

현대 화학플랜트 및 석유 가스 산업 시설은 다양한 잠재위험으로 인하여 위험물질의 누출 및 화재가 빈번히 발생하고 있다. 그 중 특히 화재는 직접적인 화염의 접촉 또는 복사열로 인하여 인명피해는 물론 건물, 설비에 대한 피해 발생으로 domino effect가 발생하여 2차, 3차 피해까지도 발생하기도 한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 발생가능한 화재를 파악하여 사고피해영향과 빈도를 낮추어 화재 위험성을 관리하는 FRA(Fire Risk Assessment)기법의 절차를 제시하였으며, 사고피해영향으로 화염의 직접적인 접촉과 복사열로 인한 주요건물(제어실, 창고, 변전소)의 물리적 특성이 변형되는 시간을 고려하였다. 사례연구를 통하여 수행한 FRA기법으로 국내외 화학공장의 위험성을 경감시킬 수 있었으며, Protection 설정을 통한 사고의 빈도와 피해영향의 감소를 정량적으로 파악할 수 있었다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
• /
• 제5권12호
• /
• pp.2326-2339
• /
• 2011

To reduce the implementation complexity of the Vertical Bell Labs layered space-time (V-BLAST) systems with respect to the zero-forcing (ZF) criterion, a computationally efficient recursive algorithm is proposed. A fast implementation of the proposed algorithm is developed and its complexity is analyzed in detail. The proposed algorithm matches the ZF-OSIC detection well, and its three significant advantages can be demonstrated by analyses and simulations. Firstly, its speedups over the conventional ZF-OSIC with norm-based ordering, the original fast recursive algorithm (FRA) and the fastest known algorithm (FKA) in the number of flops are 1.58, 2.33 and 1.22, respectively. Secondly, a much simpler implementation than FRA and FKA can be expected. Finally, the storage requirements are lower than those of FRA and FKA. These advantages make the proposed algorithm more efficient and practical.

• 한국시뮬레이션학회논문지
• /
• 제26권3호
• /
• pp.73-86
• /
• 2017

환경 자료는 M&S(Modeling and Simulation)에서 실험 결과의 신뢰도를 높이는데 중요한 역할을 한다. 특히 국방 M&S에서는 극한 기상 현상들이 가상훈련 및 실험에서 중요하게 활용될 수 있다. 그러나 환경 자료는 여러 기관에 분산되어 있고, 방대하다. 이 때문에 M&S 운영자들이 실제 환경 자료에서 극한 기상 현상이 발생한 일자와 지역을 선정하여 획득하는 것은 어려운 일이다. 퍼지논리 기반의 환경 자료 검색 기술은 환경 시나리오 발생기 개발의 핵심 기술 중 하나이다. 연구결과 4개의 주요 매개변수(RV, MF, FRA, MRV)로 구성된 퍼지 검색 알고리즘을 제시하였다. 이 연구는 강풍을 동반한 호우 발생 일자를 검색하기 위해 RV는 풍속과 강수량을 위해 각각 14 m/s와 80 mm/d, FRA는 0.2, MRV는 1, 그리고 MF는 시그모이드를 활용할 것을 제안한다. 이 연구에서 제안하는 알고리즘은 국방 M&S에서 필요로 하는 극한 기상 현상들이 발생한 일자를 검색하는데 매우 유용할 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제32권6호
• /
• pp.560-565
• /
• 2006

Extract of DNA for analysis of fragile X syndrome is usually performed by blood, the researches using hair root as specimen have been gradually spread. In this study, analyze fra X gene of the patients in mentally retarded children facilities was conducted using hair root DNA with molecular biologic test (PCR). The number of total subjects was 24, boys were 12, the average age was $17({\pm}3)$, and girls were 12, the average age was $18({\pm}2)$. In girls, normal size of band of 222 bp appeared in all lanes. Also, in all lanes except control in 517 bp, micro band appeared. Moreover, with appearance of band of 1198bp in lanes 2, 3, 4, 5, it is estimated that it is the band of full mutation whose CGG repeated sequences are more than 200. But it showed the peculiarity that it appeared with normal band in all the same lanes, thus it is not reasonable to judge it is the band of full mutation and further studies are needed. These results appeared in 50%, 6 of 12 mentally retarded girls. As the result of mentally retarded boys, normal band appeared in about 222 bp in control, however in experiment group, normal band did not appear. In 43%, 7 out of 12 boys, band did not either appeared in 1198bp, which showed different patterns from that of girls.

• Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
• /
• 제3권2호
• /
• pp.197-209
• /
• 2016

The Spacecraft (S/C) numerical sine test-predictions are usually performed through Finite Element Method (FEM) Frequency Response Analysis (FRA), that is the hypothesis of steady-state responses to harmonic excitation to the S/C base is made. In the test practice, the responses are transient and may be significantly different from those predicted through FRA. One of the most significant causes of discrepancy between prediction and test consists in the beating phenomena. After a brief overview of the topic, the typical causes of beating are described in the first part of the paper. Subsequently, focus is made on the sine sweep rate effect, which often leads to have beatings after the resonance of weakly damped modes. In this work, the approach illustrated in the literature for calculating the sine sweep rate effect in the case of Single-Degree-Of-Freedom (SDOF) oscillators is extended to Multi-Degrees-Of-Freedom (MDOF) systems, with the aim of increasing the accuracy of the numerical sine test-predictions. Assumptions and limitations of the proposed methodology are detailed along the paper. Several assessments with test results are discussed and commented.

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국응용약물학회 1996년도 춘계학술대회
• /
• pp.180-180
• /
• 1996

Previous studies have shown that kainic acid (KA) causes an elevation of hippocampal proenkephalin mRNA level. However, the role of proto-oncogene products, such as c-Fos, c-Jun and Fra proteins in the regulation of KA-induced proenkephalin mRNA increase in the hippocampus has not been well characterized. Thus, in the present study, the effect of cycloheximide (CHX) on KA-induced proenkephalin mRNA and immediate early gene products induction was examined. After pretreating with either vehicle or CHX (20 mg/kg, s.c.) for 30 min, KA (10 mg/kg) was administered s.c. The animals were sacrificed 1,2, or 8 hrs after KA administration. Total RNA and were isolated for Northern blot assay, and proteins were isolated for Western and electrophoretic gel-shift assays. First, we found that CHX inhibited KA-induced proenkephalin mRNA increase without altering intracellular proenkephalin protein level. Secondly, Western blot assays showed that KA increased c-Fos, c-Jun and Fra proteins at 1,2, and 8 hrs and CHX inhibited these immediate early gene products. Finally, electrophoretic gel shift assays revealed that KA increased both AP-1 and ENKCRE-2 DNA binding activities. Furthermore, CHX attenuated KA-induced AP-1 and ENKCRE-2 DNA binding activities. Both AP-1 and ENKCRE-2 DNA binding activities were abolished by cold AP-1 or ENKCRE-2 oligonucleotides, and further reduced by antibodies against c-Fos or c-Jun. Antibody against CREB reduced ENKCRE-2, but not AP-1, DNA binding activity. Our results suggest that on-going protein synthesis is required for elevation of hippocampal proenkephalin mRNA level induced by KA. All c-Fos, c-Jun, and Fra proteins appears to be involved in the regulation of hippocampal proenkephalin mRNA level induced by KA (This study was supported by a grant from KOSEF).

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
• /
• 제18권2호
• /
• pp.300-314
• /
• 2017

This paper examines finite rotation angle (FRA) applications for spacecraft attitude control. The coordinate transformation matrix and the attitude kinematics represented by FRAs are introduced. The interpolation techniques for the angular orientations are thoroughly investigated using the FRAs and the results are compared to those using traditional methods. The paper proposes trajectory description techniques by using extremely smooth polynomial functions of time, which can describe point-to-point attitude maneuvers in a realizable and accurate manner with the help of unique FRA features. In addition, new controller design techniques using the FRAs are developed by combining the proposed interpolation techniques with a model predictive control framework. The proposed techniques are validated through their attitude control applications for an aggressive point-to-point maneuver. Conclusively, the FRAs provide much more flexibility than quaternions and Euler angles when describing kinematics, generating trajectories, and designing attitude controllers for spacecraft.