• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.202-213
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• 2002

There have been a lot of research going on for developing a new blend of cosmetic ingredients. such as Porous sphere power, High functional composition power, Ultrafine power, UV sunscreen agent, Flat titanium dioxide etc. It's said that these ingredients will have multi functional effects on foundation users. Regarding foundation products. UV care effect is basic and consumers want special feelings for skin and its'transparency. People also look for a high performance foundation which helps skin stay shineless and flawless with a longlasting beautiful finish. A lot of cosmetics are produced in small quantities resulting in a greater variety depending on consumers'ages, hobbies, trends, season and environment, so more specific cosmetics should be developed. To satisfy more specific clientele, It is expected that special care product will come out. Foundations for the elderly and men are already being considered as well as ones for trans-genders are possibility. It's considered that fecundation is not a makeup but something in skin-care categories based on the development and production of high performonce foundations.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.45
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• pp.497-517
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• 2016

This paper interrogates the theoretical foundations of Cross-Cultural Studies across the Social Sciences through an examination of the field ELT. Through an examination of ELT's major theoretical and pedagogical moves, this paper illustrates how ELT is by nature a field of cross-Cultural Studies. A closer examination of the history of ELT shows how the colonial genesis of the field indicates a skewed representation of power between native English speaking nations and non-native speaking nations both in terms of academic theories and pedagogies, as well as socio-cultural relations of power. A further analysis of how the field theorizes and represents various relations of power between disparate cultures in ELT literature explicates the dilemma of the objectivity and neutrality of Cross-Cultural research in ELT. In doing so, the analyses included in this paper thus necessarily raises questions regarding the theoretical foundations of research methodologies of Cross-Cultural Studies in terms of the reflexivity of researchers and the problematic of how, or if, relations of power are included in the studies. This paper questions whether studies that do not include these research perspectives properly represent the disparate cultures under study, or are more of a biased, or Orientalized (Said, 1979) interpretation of cultures.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.161-178
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• 2019

In this research, a simple quasi 3D hyperbolic shear deformation model is employed for bending and dynamic behavior of functionally graded (FG) plates resting on visco-Pasternak foundations. The important feature of this theory is that, it includes the thickness stretching effect with considering only 4 unknowns, which less than what is used in the First Order Shear Deformation (FSDT) theory. The visco­Pasternak's foundation is taken into account by adding the influence of damping to the usual foundation model which characterized by the linear Winkler's modulus and Pasternak's foundation modulus. The equations of motion for thick FG plates are obtained in the Hamilton principle. Analytical solutions for the bending and dynamic analysis are determined for simply supported plates resting on visco-Pasternak foundations. Some numerical results are presented to indicate the effects of material index, elastic foundation type, and damping coefficient of the foundation, on the bending and dynamic behavior of rectangular FG plates.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.195-208
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• 2019

Based on a four-variable shear deformation shell theory, the free vibration analysis of functionally graded graphene platelet-reinforced composite (FGGPRC) doubly-curved shallow shells with different boundary conditions is investigated in this work. The doubly-curved shells are composed of multi nanocomposite layers that are reinforced with graphene platelets. The graphene platelets are uniformly distributed in each individual layer. While, the volume faction of the graphene is graded from layer to other in accordance with a novel distribution law. Based on the suggested distribution law, four types of FGGPRC doubly-curved shells are studied. The present shells are assumed to be rested on elastic foundations. The material properties of each layer are calculated using a micromechanical model. Four equations of motion are deduced utilizing Hamilton's principle and then converted to an eigenvalue problem employing an analytical method. The obtained results are checked by introducing some comparison examples. A detailed parametric investigation is performed to illustrate the influences of the distribution type of volume fraction, shell curvatures, elastic foundation stiffness and boundary conditions on the vibration of FGGPRC doubly-curved shells.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.135-145
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• 2010

Top Base Foundation (TBF) is widely used for the increment of bearing capacity and restraining settlement of foundations when the bearing capacity of ground is not enough. The design of bearing capacity obtained from exiting Japanese standard underestimates considerably what is compared with the observation values from the field measurement. Therefore, intensive model tests and site observation programs are carried out to establish more reasonable prediction technique and understanding of TBF in soft ground. In this study, 1/5 scale model tests are performed in order to investigate the behavior of TBF with various shapes in a laboratory. Also, about 100 sites measurement data are evaluated to investigate the field behavior of TBF in various ground conditions. Based on the results of the model tests and field measurement data, it was possible to introduce more reasonable bearing capacity equations of TBF considering N-value of soils, the effect of underground water and failure mechanisms.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.15-24
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• 2007

This paper will present a simple approach (or predicting layer deformation of unbound pavement materials with stress-dependent material properties. The approach is based on an uncoupled formulation in which the resilient and deformation response of unbound materials are considered separately. As a result, an uncoupled approach incorporating a resilient stiffness and Poisson's ratio model is able to simulate field measured deformation in pavement foundations. In addition, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to identify the significant factors in the stress-dependent modulus and Poison's ratio model. The predicted trends of deformation from this analysis are presented and discussed.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.435-449
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• 2022

In this paper, unreinforced and geogrid-reinforced soil foundations were modeled by discrete element method and this performed under surface strip footing loads. The effects of horizontal position of geogrid, vertical position, thickness, number, confining pressure have been investigated on the footing settlement and propagation of tensile force along the geogrids. Also, interaction between rectangular tunnel and strip footing with and without presence of geogrid layer has been analyzed. Experimental results of the literature were used to validation of relationships between the numerically achieved footing pressure-settlement for foundations of reinforced and unreinforced soil. Models and micro input parameters which used in the numerical modelling of reinforced and unreinforced soil tunnel were similar to parameters which were used in soil foundations. Model dimension was 1000 mm* 600 mm. Normal and shear stiffness of soils were 5*10⁵ and 2.5 *10⁵ N/m, respectively. Normal and shear stiffness of geogrid were 1*10⁹ and 1*10⁹ N/m, respectively. Loading rate was 0.001 mm/sec. Micro input parameters used in numerical simulation gain by try and error. In addition of the quantitative tensile force propagation along the geogrids, the footing settlements were visualized. Due to collaboration of three layers of geogrid reinforcements the bearing capacity of the reinforced soil tunnel was greatly improved. In such practical reinforced soil formations, the qualitative displacement propagations of soil particles in the soil tunnel and the quantitative vertical displacement propagations along the soil layers/geogrids represented the geogrid reinforcing impacts too.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.55 no.11
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• pp.4252-4265
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• 2023

In the case of nuclear power plants near end of their design life, a reassessment of the performance of safetyrelated equipment may be necessary to determine whether to shut down or extend the operation of the power plant. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the level of performance decline due to degradation. Electrical cabinets, including MCC and switchgear, are representative safety-related equipment. Several studies have assessed the degradation and seismic performance of nuclear power plant equipment. Most of those researches are limited to individual components due to the size of safety-related equipment and test equipment. However, only a few studies assessed the degradation performance of electrical cabinets. The equipment of various nuclear power plants is anchored to concrete foundations, and crack in concrete foundations is one of the most representative of degradation that could be visually confirmed. However, it is difficult to find a study for analysis through testing the effect of cracks in concrete foundations on the response of electrical cabinet internal equipment fixed by anchors. In this study, using a simple cabinet model considering cast-in-place anchor in uncracked and cracked concretes, a tri-axial shaking table tests were performed and the seismic behavior were observed.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.251-259
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• 2024

In this paper, the thermal post-buckling behavior of graphene platelets reinforced metal foams (GPLRMFs) plate with initial geometric imperfections on nonlinear elastic foundations are studied. First, the governing equation is derived based on the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) of plate. To obtain a single equation that only contains deflection, the Galerkin principle is employed to solve the governing equation. Subsequently, a comparative analysis was conducted with existing literature, thereby verifying the correctness and reliability of this paper. Finally, considering three GPLs distribution types (GPL-A, GPL-B, and GPL-C) of plates, the effects of initial geometric imperfections, foam distribution types, foam coefficients, GPLs weight fraction, temperature changes, and elastic foundation stiffness on the thermal post-buckling characteristics of the plates were investigated. The results show that the GPL-A distribution pattern exhibits the best buckling resistance. And with the foam coefficient (GPLs weight fraction, elastic foundation stiffness) increases, the deflection change of the plate under thermal load becomes smaller. On the contrary, when the initial geometric imperfection (temperature change) increases, the thermal buckling deflection increases. According to the current research situation, the results of this article can play an important role in the thermal stability analysis of GPLRMFs plates.

• Advances in nano research
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.313-324
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• 2024

The main aims of this study are to develop a new nonlocal quasi-3D theory for the free vibration behaviors of the functionally graded sandwich nanobeams. The sandwich beams consist of a ceramic core and two functionally graded material layers resting on elastic foundations. The two layers, linear spring stiffness and shear layer, are used to model the effects of the elastic foundations. The size-effect is considered using nonlocal elasticity theory. The governing equations of the motion of the functionally graded sandwich nanobeams are obtained via Hamilton's principle in combination with nonlocal elasticity theory. Then the Navier's solution technique is used to solve the governing equations of the motion to achieve the nonlocal free vibration behaviors of the nanobeams. A deep parametric study is also provided to demonstrate the effects of some parameters, such as length-to-height ratio, power-law index, nonlocal parameter, and two parameters of the elastic foundation, on the free vibration behaviors of the functionally graded sandwich nanobeams.