• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.205-214
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• 1999

Nutrition fortification of processed foods with microelements is a popular practice in many countries to improve nutritional status of target population. In this study the current food fortification in Korea was evaluated and the regulations and guidelines for food fortification in other countries were presented. Most commonly added nutrients were calcium, vit.C, fiber, vit.Bs and iron. The level of fortified nutrients and the vehicle foods were variable. vit.C and fiber appeared to be overfortified in some foods and the necessity of fortification of these nutrients needs to be examined since the intakes of these elements appears to meet the RDA. Most of other nutrients such as vit.A, vit. $B_1$, vit. $B_2$, and iron were added at the level of 10~25% RDA per serving size. The vehicle foods for fortification were snacks, milk, ramyun, breakfast cereal, juices, candies and ready-to-eat retort pouch foods but not rice which is a staple food in Korea. The guideline and regulation for food fortification is required to ensure safe and proper supplementation of needed nutrients in processed foods.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.7-22
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• 2011

With the accumulations of outcomes from archaeological excavations of mountain fortress of three kingdoms period, there have been studies about time-periodic territory range of mountain fortress, difference in the way(method) of construction, defence system and so on from various points of view. This is an empirical study on the construction method of the valley part of stone fortress. First of all, it is required to secure large quantity of fresh water for those who lived at mountain fortress. Especially when builders of fortress construct a fortification at the valley part of stone fortress, in advance they must sufficiently consider several options including the establishment of sustainable water resources. First, when it comes to build a fortification on a ridge[or a slope] of a mountain, you have only to consider a vertical stress. However, when it comes to build a fortification at the valley part of a mountain, You must have more sufficient preparations for the constructing process. Because there are not only a vertical stress but also a horizontal pressure simultaneously. Second, a fortification of mountain fortress built by using unit building stone is a structure of masonry construction like brick construction, and the valley part of it is where the construction of the fortification begins. Third, when it comes to build a fortification at the valley part of a mountain, it seems that they use a temporary method such as coffer dam in oder to prevent the collapse of the fortification due to heavy rain. Furthermore, in response to a horizontal pressure a fortification is built by the way of its plane make an arch, or by piling up the soil with the plate method(類似版築) and earthen wall harder method(敷葉) they increase cross-sectional area of the fortification and its cutoff capacity. In front direction they put the reservoir facility for the fear that the hydraulic pressure and earth pressure are directly transmitted to the fortification. The process of constructing the fortification at the valley part of a mountain is done in the same oder as follows; leveling of ground(整地) ${\Rightarrow}$ construction of coffer dam ${\Rightarrow}$ construction of the fortification between the both banks of the valley ${\Rightarrow}$ construction of the fortification at bottom part of spill way(餘水路) between the both banks of the valley ${\Rightarrow}$ construction of spill way(餘水路) & reservoir facility ${\Rightarrow}$ construction of the fortification at upper part of spill way between the both banks of the valley. Coffer dam facility seems to be not only the protection device on occasion of flood but also an important criterion to measure the proper height of spill way or tailrace(放水路). This study has a meaningful significance in that it empirically examines the method of reduction of the horizontal pressure which the fortification at the valley part of a mountain takes, the date the construction was done, and wether the changes in climate such as heavy rainfall influence the process of construction.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.160-167
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• 1998

Current status of nutrient fortification in processed food in Korea were presented by analyzing the information shown on food labels. The obtained information was assessed by the regulations on food fortification in both Korea and other countries including Codex. The most current regulations were gathered from internet. The results are summarized as follows. 1. Major nutrients fortified were calcium, Vit C, Vit B complex, iron and fiber. The forfified foods were not limitted to certain food group with more frequent fortification in snackfoods, cereal, ramyun, retort pouch foods, milk, and youguart. The descriptive terms of nutrition label for the fortification were various including high, supplemented, added, source, fortified, and abundance though the difference among these terms were not distinct. 2. Current regulation on nutrition label requires to give the content of the fortified nutrient and % RDA. However not all of food items carry above information. Also some ingredients such as chitosan, DHA, taurine, $\omega$-3 fatty acid, chondrichin, bifidus were supplemented mainly to the snack foods which FDA(USA) does not allow to be fortified. 3. The nutrient most frequently fortified was calcium and general practice of fortification appears to follow the regulation in Korea. Presently the regulation itself is not well described, this nutient fortification can cause toxic effect. Since calcium was supplemented to wide range of food group consumers who are not conscious of the safe upper limit may intake the fortified food up to the level of 2g/day. 4. For the effective fortification in Korea, the regulation on fortification should be reformed in accordance with the international guideline Codex and the regulations in other countries especially in America and Japan.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.163-174
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• 2007

Folate has received international attention regarding its role in the risk-reduction of birth defects, specifically neural tube defects (NTDs). In 1998 health officials in Canada, like the United States, mandated the addition of folic acid to white flour and select grain product's to increase the folate intake of reproductive-aged women. Subsequent to this initiative there has been an increase in blood folate concentrations in Canada and a 50% reduction in NTDs. Many countries, including Korea, have not mandated folic acid fortification of their food supply. Reasons vary but often include concern over the masking of vitamin $B_{12}$ deficiency, a belief that folate intakes among womenare adequate, low priority relative to other domestic issues, and the philosophy that individuals have the right not to consume supplemental folic acid if they so choose. Prior to folic acid fortification of the food supply in Canada, the folate intakes of women were low, and their blood folate concentrations while not sufficiently low to produce overt signs of folate deficiency (eg. anemia) were inconsistent with a level known to reduce the risk of an NTD-affected pregnancy. The purpose of this article is to describe the role of folate during the periconceptional period, pregnancy, and during lactation. The rationale for, and history of recommending folic acid-containing supplements during the periconceptional period and pregnancy is described as is folic acid fortification of the food supply. The impact of folic acid fortification in Canada is discussed, and unresolved issues associated with this policy described. While the incidence of NTDs in Canada pre-folic acid fortification were seemingly higherthan that of Korea today, blood folate levels of Korean women are strikingly similar. We will briefly explore these parallels in an attempt to understand whether folic acid fortification of the food supply in Korean might be worth consideration.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.88-96
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• 2015

This purpose of this study was to identify the landscape characteristics of cultural heritage area in Gapgot fortification by performing text analysis of related literature and antique maps. And accumulate modern photograph to investigate the landscape of modern. As a additionally analysis, was examined landscape of Gapgot fortification area using aerial photograph. The results were as follows. First, Gapgot fortification has the historical value as symbolic and practical gateway to Ganghwa island caused by geographical position. And historical culture resources were located in Gapgot fortification area such as through traffic, military facilities. Secondly, According to literature and antique maps, Gapgot fortification area was village and military facilities from Goryeo dynasty. The village and military facilities was expanded with Jinhae pavilion since construct Ganhwa castle. Thirdly, In modern Gapgot fortification area appear consecutive coastal landscape when entry Ganghwa bridge. But, inhibiting elements of landscape should be remedied.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.128-134
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• 2009

For children, voluntary addition of micronutrients to foods must be done without health risk to any of them. This study examined safe maximum levels of vitamin A and C, and calcium for children based on nutrient intake data from the 2001-2002 and 2005 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in Korea, while using the safe strategy for addition of micronutrients to foods suggested by EU. For the respective 2001-2002 and 2005 NHANES data proportions of potentially fortifiable energy intake ranged 0.36-0.40 and 0.31-0.34 and the $95^{th}$ percentile intake of energy were 2,325-3,296 kcal and 2,286-3,814 kcal depending upon age groups. Ninety-fifth percentile intake levels of vitamin A were over or close to UL, even without considering supplement intake for some age groups, which suggest that vitamin A fortification to foods required further consideration. For calcium, 12-14 year old children were the most sensitive group for excessive intake and nutrient fortification to foods. In these children, maximum levels for fortification were 242-290 mg and 484-580 mg with 0.135 and 0.068 proportions of fortified food (PFF) assumed, respectively, without considering calcium intake from supplements. With consideration of calcium intake from both diet and supplement, the maximum levels for fortification were 20-36% of those without supplement intake. The maximum fortification levels of vitamin C were the lowest in 3-5 year old children, showing 77-187 mg and 68-164 mg with and without supplement intake, respectively. These results suggest that the model used for risk assessment in this study can be used to help risk managers to set maximum levels for safe addition of micronutrients to foods.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.247-260
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• 2014

The impact of folate on health and disease, particularly pregnancy complications and congenital malformations, has been extensively studied. Mandatory folic acid fortification therefore has been implemented in multiple countries, resulting in a reduction in the occurrence of neural tube defects. However, emerging evidence suggests increased folate intake may also be associated with unexpected adverse effects. This literature review focuses on contemporary issues of concern, and possible underlying mechanisms as well as giving consideration the future direction of mandatory folic acid fortification. Folate fortification has been associated with the presence of unmetabolized folic acid (PteGlu) in blood, masking of vitamin $B_{12}$ deficiency, increased dosage for anti-cancer medication, photo-catalysis of PteGlu leading to potential genotoxicity, and a role in the pathoaetiology of colorectal cancer. Increased folate intake has also been associated with twin birth and insulin resistance in offspring, and altered epigenetic mechanisms of inheritance. Although limited data exists to elucidate potential mechanisms underlying these issues, elevated blood folate level due to the excess use of PteGlu without consideration of an individual's specific phenotypic traits (e.g. genetic background and undiagnosed disease) may be relevant. Additionally, the accumulation of unmetabolized PteGlu may lead to inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase and other enzymes. Concerns notwithstanding, folic acid fortification has achieved enormous advances in public health. It therefore seems prudent to target and carefully monitor high risk groups, and to conduct well focused further research to better understand and to minimize any risk of mandatory folic acid fortification.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.808-813
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• 2006

Until now, South Korea does not have either fortification or enrichment program as intervention tools although the addition of micronutrients to foods is for the most part not regulated. The aim of this study was to determine which scenario would most effectively reduce the proportion of the population with low iron intake while not putting other population groups at risk of excessive intakes. In order to investigate potential dietary consequences of iron fortification we analyzed 2 day dietary record data (n=3,955) from the 2001 National Nutrition Surveys. The Proportion of the population consuming dietary iron less than the estimated average requirement (EAR) ranged from $12.4{\sim}87.5%$ depending upon gender and age group. Iron fortification at the level of 100% of Recommended Intake (RI) per 100g to breads and instant o. dried noodles was estimated to result in a 15% decrease of proportion of those with iron less than EAR, while putting 1.4 % of the population greater than the Upper Limit (UL). Iron fortification appeared to be the most effective for the $15{\sim}19$ year old age group, showing 39% reduction of iron intake insufficiency. The results suggest that carefully designed fortification or enrichment to staple foods may contribute to increase dietary iron intakes of Koreans, especially for the young population with a high prevalence of iron inadequacy. As the estimation in this study was based solely upon dietary intake data, iron intake from supplements should be considered in further studies.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.72-79
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• 2016

Purpose: The initiation of mandatory folic acid fortification using pteroylmonoglutamic acid (PteGlu) has reduced the rate of congenital malformations. However, it also appears to be responsible for several adverse effects, including increased cancer incidence. This may be related to physicho-chemical characteristics of PteGlu. This study examines the potential effect of high concentrations of PteGlu on a population subjected to mandatory folic acid fortification using an in vitro model. Methods: Caco-2 (colorectal cancer) and MCF7 (breast cancer) cell lines were cultured at 6 different PteGlu concentrations (0, 0.1, 1, 50, 250, and $500{\mu}g/ml$) for 6 days. Cell growth was determined using thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide assay. The genotype of dihydrofolate reductase 19bp deletion/insertion (DHFR 19-del) was also scored in cell lines using a restriction fragment length polymorphism technique to examine whether genetic variations may factor in cell proliferation. Results: PteGlu exhibited differential growth promoting properties between cell lines. Caco-2 cells did not show a significant growth difference at low concentrations compared to control, however, at higher concentrations, the growth showed a contrasting trend in the early experimental period, while MCF7 showed enhanced cell growth at all concentrations. The DHFR 19-del genotype differed in the two cell lines. Conclusions: Altered response to PteGlu by Caco-2 and MCF7 may reflect a tissue specific disease aetiology or genotype specific differential enzyme activity, for example by DHFR, to critical levels of PteGlu. As folic acid fortification is a blanket intervention, and DHFR and other enzyme activities vary between individuals, PteGlu intake may have an as yet undefined effect on health. These findings may be relevant when considering mandatory folic acid fortification for disease prevention.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.222-243
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• 2023

In this study, we looked at how to preserve and use the Yibugok earthen fortification ruin in Sangju, which has recently been actively investigated and researched. Now that the coronavirus pandemic has become a reality, a utilization plan using local historical and cultural resources can be the starting point for regional revitalization. To this end, this study first reviewed the historical value of the Sangju Yibugok earthen fortification. The historical and cultural resource value of the fortification was reviewed in recent archaeological achievements along with the results of existing literature research, and distortion in its utilization was avoided. Next, an analysis of the perception of the demand class and local residents, the subject of utilization, was conducted with visitor statistics and surveys. This is because empathy for historical and cultural resources by the demand class and local residents, who are the main agents of utilization, is the most important factor in the use of cultural assets. Based on the theoretical review presented above, the use cases of ancient fortification ruins were examined in the last chapter 4, and a utilization plan for the fortification was presented focusing on empathy. This study was conducted with a focus on the historical value of the use of the fortification ruins, the empathy of the demand class, and the public. In order to overcome the crisis in Sangju, a high-risk area due to population decline, various measures must be proposed, and establishing historical and cultural identity at the center of Sabeolguk and enhancing its image through various utilization measures can be one of the alternatives.