• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.101-113
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• 2013

Although the methodological literature is replete with advice regarding the development and validation of multi-item scales based on reflective measures, the issue of index construction using formative measures has received little attention. The aim of this paper is to enhance researchers' understanding of formative measures of high-order factor and assist them in their index construction efforts. This article is also to provide some insights into the nature of formative indicators for researchers to reach an informed choice as to the appropriate high order formative measurement model for their needs. We first provide a brief background on formative indicators, drawing from the limited and fragmented literature on the topic. Next we give an example of constructing an index based on actual survey data and highlight the procedures used to assess its quality. We conclude the article with some thoughts about the use of indexes in empirical studies.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.527-535
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• 2016

In the information systems literature from Korea, there has not been much research on formative constructs. It is crucial to establish a proper relationship between constructs and indicators. In other words, it is fundamental to specify reflective or formative constructs in evaluating performance as closely as possible to reality, and in testing the appropriateness of a proper causal model. One purpose of this study is that, through a comprehensive literature review, reflective and formative indicators are accurately understood, and a proper specification and development methodology is applied to the information system evaluation field. In addition, this study provides a useful guideline for developing formative indicators for performance evaluation of informatization programs. The following activities were undertaken to achieve the aforementioned purposes. First, the basic theories and preceding study models on successful factors of informatization programs and performance evaluations were reviewed, and a comprehensive interdisciplinary literature review was conducted to better understand the formative constructs. Lastly, we provide a construct for performance evaluation of informatization programs and evaluation indicators, as well as guidelines for specifying them. Therefore, by systematically specifying proper constructs, future domestic researchers can develop better constructs for performance evaluation of informatization programs.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.71-84
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• 2017

Over the past decade, we have witnessed Serious Debates in MISQ and Other Journals Between Two Camps that have Differing Views on the use of Causal Indicators to Measure Constructs. There is the Camp that advocates Causal Indicators (ADVOCATE) and the Camp that opposes Their Usage (OPPONENT). The Debates have been primarily centered on the OPPONENT's Argument that the Meaning of a Latent Variable is determined by its Outcome Variables. However, Little Effort has been made to Validate the ADVOCATE's Dispute (Against the OPPONENT's Arguments) that the Meaning of a Latent Variable is decided by its Causal Indicators if there is no Misspecification. Our Study precisely examines the Integrity of the Argument. For this, we empirically examine how the two Primary Psychometric Properties-Comprehensiveness and Interrelationship-of Causal Indicators Influence Theory Testing between Latent Variables through Three Different Tests (i.e., Comprehensive Test, Interrelationship Test, and Mixed Test). Conducted on Two Different Datasets, Our Analysis Consistently Reveals that Structural Path Coefficients are Hardly Sensitive to the Changes (i.e., Misspecification) in the Properties of Causal Indicators. The Discovery offers Important Evidence that the Sound Theoretical Logic of a Causal Model is not in Sync with the Empirical Mechanism of Parameter Estimation. This Underscores that a Latent Variable Formed by Causal Indicators is empirically an elusive notion that is Difficult to Operationalize. As Our Results have Significant Implications on the Integrity of Numerous IS studies which have conducted Theory or Hypothesis Testing Using Causal Indicators, we strongly advocate Open Discussions among Methodologists regarding Our Findings and Their Implications for Both Published IS Research and Future Practices.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.135-151
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• 2012

Traditionally in IS studies, the relationship between construct and its measurement items tends to be assumed to be reflective, meaning that the measurements are a reflection of the construct. In reality, however, the nature of the construct can be often formative, which means that its measurement items describe and define the construct rather than vice versa. The purpose of this study was to investigate theoretical and empirically-analysed differences between formative construct and reflective construct through comprehensive interdisciplinary literature review. And then on the basis of these differences, we intended to derive the rule of specifying whether the construct is formative or reflective and propose the methodology of testing the validity(content validity, construct validity, internal consistency and external construct) of formative construct and its measurements, differentiated from that in the case of reflective construct. Also, we suggested the concrete statistical testing methods such as VTT(Vanishing Tetrad Test), MIMIC(Multiple Indicators and Multiple Causes) test and multi-collinearity test. In order to examine the applicability of this methodology to developing the constructs for performance evaluation of IS(Information Systems), we tried to identify its attribute(formative or reflective) and test the validity for the construct arbitrarily chosen among them which had been derived in our previous IS performance evaluation study by using this methodology. The result of the examination was that the methodology proposed in this study was significantly valid and effective in the area of IS performance evaluation.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.31-42
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• 2023

Background: This study analyzes the linear and non-linear effects of the hard and soft dimensions of job quality on the overall health of wage workers. It also examines the congruence or fit between the hard and soft job quality on the overall health of wage workers. Methods: This study measured thirty indicators that constitute job quality and reduced the indicators into twelve sub-dimensions of job quality using reflective factor analysis. In addition, this study derived two dimensions of job quality from the twelve subdimensions, namely the hard and soft job quality using formative factor analysis. This paper applied the response surface analysis to analyze the congruence effect between the two dimensions of job quality. Results: A logarithmic relationship was found between the dimension of hard job quality and the worker's overall health. This study also verified that the congruence effect between the two dimensions of job quality does not exist, and the combined effect of job quality is lower when the two dimensions of job quality are at the same level than the effect when either level of job quality is high or low. Conclusions: Although hard and soft job quality has independent positive effects on the overall health of wage workers, the two dimensions of job quality are not congruent or not in harmony with each other. This incongruence between hard and soft job quality, together with a higher impact of hard job quality, suggests that the role of soft job quality on overall health is relatively limited.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.223-230
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• 2016

While marine transport freight is steadily increasing, people are more interested in terminals handling cargo. But the domestic researches on terminals were almost on container terminal. This study attempted to study the service quality for bulk terminals. The users of bulk terminal services were divided into shipowners and shippers to compare their differences by using bulk terminal service provided. During the attributions proposed in this study, Tangibles were descripted by the numbers of berth or depth, facilities, and so on. So it was suitable to consider the tangibles by formative indicators. And also this study has tried using "reflective model" and "formative model" to make a measurement model for comprehensive analyses. The results showed that all of the items were significant except the relation between empathy and performance satisfaction in the overall measurement model analyses. User groups difference analyses results have showed that the trust responsiveness impact on performance satisfaction was more importantly assessed by shippers than by shipowners. It was expected to use the results of this study as a good strategic resource to help bulk terminal administrators make various expansion plans to improve the bulk terminal's competitiveness in the future.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.348-362
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• 2021

Real estate investment behavior factors are divided into profitability, risks (stability), liquidity, and regulation (deregulation) factors. The sub-attributes of the investment behavior factors are generally formative indicators. Unlike reflection indicators, formative indicators can identify not only the influence of investment behavior factors on dependent variables, but also the influence of sub-attributes on dependent variables. Therefore, theoretical and practical needs of comparing the influences of factors and sub-attributes on dependent variables has been suggested. In this study, in order to provide information that help marketing for lots shopping building, both the causality between investment behavior factors and investment intention and the causality between sub-attributes and investment intention were comparatively studied for each of the three investor groups: the whole group, the group with high investment intention and the group with low investment intention. For this purpose, a survey and multiple regression analyses were conducted on 237 existing investors in the customer DB of a company that have been developing and selling lots shopping building in the metropolitan area and Sejong City. At the factor level, the effects of profitability and regulation were significant in the whole group and the group with low investment intention, but the effects of risk and liquidity were significant in the group with high investment intention. At the sub-attribute level, all three groups showed different results.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.38-50
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to analyze the current evaluation methods on faculty performance at Korean engineering colleges and develop teaching evaluation indicators for faculty performance. We investigated the faculty performance cases in engineering colleges inside and outside of the Korea, the engineering faculty's awareness of evaluation factors for their educational performance, and the appropriate ratios by indicating factors. Also we developed evaluation indicators for educational achievements to improve the current faculty performance system. 227 engineering faculty members answered our survey questionnaire. The result in the case study on faculty performance evaluation is as follows. First, most items of faculty performance evaluation are about quantitative indicators that can easily conduct objective evaluation. Second, evaluation items of faculty performance are mostly focused on instruction in a classroom. Third, the evaluation by students and administrative managers is more dominant than that by professors or their colleagues, document evaluation than on site evaluation, general evaluation than formative evaluation, and static evaluation than dynamic evaluation. Lastly, Some universities tend to substitute outstanding articles for underperforming instruction. The evaluation indicators that we have developed can be implemented by four types of subjects, such as students, professors, their colleagues, and deans. Also, based on the evaluation indicators, faculties can freely select their evaluation domains depending on the their tracks, such as a teaching track, a research track, or an industry-university cooperation track. The mandatory evaluation fields include teaching, student counselling, teaching portfolio evaluation by mentors or colleagues, class management evaluation by deans, and self-evaluation. The other areas are optional and professors can choose their evaluation factors.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.92-101
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• 2008

In the current age, as the importance of image is increased, brand images are strengthened, and various ways of expressing space are suggested considering the life styles of consumers. Recently, flagship stores are attempting various ways of expressing interior deigns and the flow of life culture, which can maximize the characteristics of image in a large, complex space. Centering on this trend, this study is conducted to explore an objective standard for the stylistic image characteristics reflecting the formative expression trend; to investigate various expression methods of images that are suggested by flagship stores; and to suggest the indicators of design. Based on this background, the formative trend is classified into the expression trends of minimalism and deconstructionism. An image evaluation test was conducted on the selected brand cases by applying the classification, and the following results are obtained from a comparative analysis. In this study, a stylistic analysis of expression methods is suggested from the stylistic image characteristics of each brand as well as from the reliability and validity of the expression trend. It can be concluded that such stylistic image characteristics are important factors in relation with fashion and architecture, and they can be used for differentiating design expression methods.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.65 no.2
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• pp.90-97
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• 2022

Background: Stunting is affected by various factors from mother and child. Previous studies assessed only one or more influencing variables. Unfortunately, nor the significant influence of maternal and child factors nor the indicators contributing to maternal and child factors that affect the stunting incidence have ever been analyzed. Purpose: This study analyzed the effect of maternal and child factors on stunting and the significant indicators that shape the maternal and child factors that impact stunting. Methods: This was a case-control study. Overall, 132 stunted children and 132 nonstunted children in Purbalingga Regency, Central Java Province, participated in the research. Direct interviews and medical record reviews were conducted to assess the studied variables. The research data were tested using the partial least squares structural equation with a formative model. Results: Maternal factors directly affected the occurrence of stunting (t=3.527, P<0.001) with an effect of 30.3%. Maternal factors also contributed a significant indirect effect on stunting through child factors (t=4.762, P<0.001) with an effect of 28.2%. Child factors affected the occurrence of stunting (t=5.749, P<0.001) with an effect of 49.8%. The child factor was influenced by maternal factor with an effect of 56.7% (t=10.014, P<0.001). The moderation analysis results demonstrated that maternal and child factors were moderate predictive variables of stunting occurrence. Conclusion: Child factors have more significant and direct effects on stunting than maternal factors but are greatly affected by them.