• 한국IT서비스학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.135-151
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• 2012

Traditionally in IS studies, the relationship between construct and its measurement items tends to be assumed to be reflective, meaning that the measurements are a reflection of the construct. In reality, however, the nature of the construct can be often formative, which means that its measurement items describe and define the construct rather than vice versa. The purpose of this study was to investigate theoretical and empirically-analysed differences between formative construct and reflective construct through comprehensive interdisciplinary literature review. And then on the basis of these differences, we intended to derive the rule of specifying whether the construct is formative or reflective and propose the methodology of testing the validity(content validity, construct validity, internal consistency and external construct) of formative construct and its measurements, differentiated from that in the case of reflective construct. Also, we suggested the concrete statistical testing methods such as VTT(Vanishing Tetrad Test), MIMIC(Multiple Indicators and Multiple Causes) test and multi-collinearity test. In order to examine the applicability of this methodology to developing the constructs for performance evaluation of IS(Information Systems), we tried to identify its attribute(formative or reflective) and test the validity for the construct arbitrarily chosen among them which had been derived in our previous IS performance evaluation study by using this methodology. The result of the examination was that the methodology proposed in this study was significantly valid and effective in the area of IS performance evaluation.

• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2014

Entrepreneurship is considered as an important driver of economic growth, new firm creation, business rejuvenation& job creation. Over a period of time research within entrepreneurship literature has shifted from entrepreneur and his personality to his behavioral disposition. This has led to emergence of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) construct, which focuses on the process of entrepreneurship at firm level and it has emerged as the most widely researched area within entrepreneurship field. Though research in this field has been rigorous and exhaustive, still there have been concerns that researchers might have prematurely agreed on the composition, dimensionality, and nature of EO Construct. There has been considerable debate about whether EO Construct comprises three or five dimensions, about co-variance or independence of these dimensions and nature of construct whether formative or reflective. This article builds an argument about the multidimensional nature of EO construct comprising five dimensions, which vary independently and the fact that EO is better explained through formative construct rather than reflective one.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.129-141
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• 2013

When the formative construct is placed in the endogenous position, there are clear theoretical, mathematical, and empirical issues in model estimation. Nonetheless, scholars who have adopted structural equation modeling for empirical research and those who are engaged in debates on the viability of formative modeling fail to recognize the fundamental problems of employing formative measurement in the endogenous position. This manuscript is intended to set a corrective path by discussing three reasons why this frequented practice may be avoided in both theoretical and empirical research.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.211-238
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• 2015

Despite longstanding concern with the dimensionality of the service quality construct as measured by ServQual and IS-ServQual instruments, variations on the IS-ServQual instrument have been enduringly prominent in both academic research and practice in the field of IS. We explain the continuing popularity of the instrument based on the salience of the item set for predicting overall customer satisfaction, suggesting that the preoccupation with the dimensions has been a distraction. The implicit mutual exclusivity of the items suggests a more appropriate conceptualization of IS-ServQual as a formative index. This conceptualization resolves the paradox in IS-ServQual research, that of how an instrument with such well-known and well-documented weaknesses continue to be very influential and widely used by academics and practitioners. A formative conceptualization acknowledges and addresses the criticisms of IS-ServQual, while simultaneously explaining its enduring salience by focusing on the items rather than the "dimensions." By employing an opportunistic sample and adopting the most recent IS-ServQual instrument published in a leading IS journal (virtually, any valid IS-ServQual sample in combination with a previously tested instrument variant would suffice for study purposes), we demonstrate that when re-specified as both first-order and second-order formatives, IS-ServQual has good model quality metrics and high predictive power on customer satisfaction. We conclude that this formative specification has higher practical use and is more defensible theoretically.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권8호
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• pp.527-535
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• 2016

국내 정보시스템 문헌에서는 형성적 구성변수에 대한 연구가 거의 없다. 따라서 올바른 구성변수와 측정변수의 관계, 즉 반영적 혹은 형성적 구성변수의 설정은 가장 현실에 가까운 성과 평가와 올바른 인과모형을 검정하는 데 필수적이다. 본 연구 목적은 포괄적인 문헌 고찰로 반영지표와 형성지표에 대해 정확히 이해하고 올바른 구성 및 개발 방법론을 정보시스템 평가 분야에 적용하는 것이다. 그리고 정보시스템 성과 평가에 대한 형성적 지표를 개발할 수 있는 올바른 지침을 제시하는 것이다. 이와 같은 목적을 달성하고자 다음과 같은 연구과정을 수행하였다. 먼저, 정보화사업 성과 요인과 성과 평가에 관한 기저 이론과 선행 연구 모형을 검토하였다. 그리고 정보화사업 성과 평가 구성변수와 평가지표 개발 및 타당성 검증을 위한 지침(Guideline)을 통하여 정보화사업 성과 평가에 대한 올바른 형성적 구성변수 및 반영적 구성변수를 식별하였다. 이에 따라, 체계적으로 구성변수를 올바르게 식별 및 분류하여, 향후 연구자가 정보화사업 성과 평가 구성변수의 올바른 구성변수를 개발할 수 있도록 하였다.

• 컴퓨터교육학회논문지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.65-76
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• 2014

본 논문의 연구목적은 탐구실험중심 과학교육의 실현 방법으로 고고보드와 NetLogo를 이용한 실세계와 가상세계를 연결해주는 시뮬레이션 콘텐츠를 설계 및 개발하는데 있다. 먼저 탐구실험 수업을 위한 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션과 로봇활용교육을 이용한 수업모형을 탐색하고 가상시뮬레이션과 실제실험을 연동할 수 있도록 컴퓨터 기반의 실험 장치(MBL)을 제작하였다. 이 장치를 토대로 중등과학교과내용 중 온도변화(열평형)과 전기(저항과 전압과의 관계)단원 내용을 대상으로 시뮬레이션 콘텐츠를 제작하였다. 닫혀 있는 계에서의 온도변화가 같아지는 열평형반응을 탐구실험과 시뮬레이션으로 시각화하였으며, 전기단원의 저항과 전압과의 관계에서는 각 저항의 직렬연결을 이루었을 때, 각 저항에 걸리는 전류가 같고 전하의 흐름을 시뮬레이션 하였다. 중학생들을 대상으로 개발된 콘텐츠를 사용하게 하면서 시뮬레이션 사용 및 인터페이스에 대한 형성평가를 하였으며 컴퓨터 기반 과학교육에서 활용할 수 있는 방향성을 제시하였다.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제33권7호
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• pp.1140-1151
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• 2009

This study researches the formative character of 1920's fashion through cinema costumes from the perspective of the theories of W$\"{o}$lfilin and Delong. This study organizes a new perspective such as closed form & open form, part recognition & whole recognition, and flat & rounded to analyze the characteristics of form in the costumes of 'The Great Gatsby', 'Chariots of Fire', and 'Chicago'. The 1920's style in the fashion history is a closed form and flat because of simplicity and functionality. The costumes in Chariots of Fire' that focuses on the reappearance of 1920's fashion is a flat and closed form. However, the costumes of 'The Great Gatsby' that presents a symbolic meaning and 'Chicago' that expresses a splendid look are an open and rounded form. Evening dresses are open, with whole recognition and a rounded form because of sheer fabrics, beading, uneven hemlines, and lighting. Daytime dresses are a closed form and flat because of heavyweight fabrics, dark or achromatic colors and non-patterns. Also, open form and rounded, closed form and flat have a similar distribution in diagrams. When the viewer recognizes the form of clothes, they react in a similar way to two-dimensional and three-dimensional presentations that shows that the form of clothes is recognized by the relation with the body. In addition, this study researches the connection between diverse elements such as clothes, body, movements, space, and external elements such as lighting.

• 한국정보시스템학회지:정보시스템연구
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.73-92
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• 2019

Purpose This study conducted an empirical study on the influence of institutional mechanisms on the formation of customer trust among leading online businesses. This study focused on the construct of PEEIM(Perceived Effectiveness of e-Commerce Institutional Mechanisms) which is the perceived recognition of institutional mechanisms for e-Commerce in general and the construct of PEIS which is the perceived recognition of institutional mechanisms that are implemented by vendors. Design/methodology/approach The online and offline surveys were conducted for the leading online shopping vendors in Korea and 292 data were used for the empirical analysis. The research model was tested using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) in this study. The full measurement model including the formative second-order constructs was examined with the exploratory factor analysis. The structural model was analyzed via a two-stage approach. To analyze the research model this study used Smart PLS 2.0 program. Findings The findings showed that PEEIM negatively moderates the relationship between satisfaction in vender and trust in vender, but had no moderating effect between trust in vender and repurchase intention. In addition, the institutional mechanisms of vendors(PEIS) have been shown to have a direct impact on the vender's trust.

• 한국가구학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.47-56
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• 2012

This study particularly looked at educational philosophy and content of Design Academy Eindhoven in Holland which provides multidisciplinary design education. For it might be important data for examining the educational substance and directivity in design that help construct education system in design for a new era among the varying design paradigm. The biggest feature of DAE education system designed for students to optimize their ability with systematic education of 8 contexts with 4 approaches through innovative specialty system. Besides, their interaction helps students major in what is individual specialty. Most of all, the study on the contents of DAE's multidisciplinary education is expected to be significant data for our design education that lacks integrative perspective in the respect that students might be able to develop their identity as an individual designer in changing society beyond the mere technical and formative level of design.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제20권7호
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• pp.65-76
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• 2015

This study investigates predictors of continuance intention and purchase intention in mobile application(App) stores. This study identifies the structural relationships among app store quality, user habit, switching costs, user loyalty, continuance intention, and purchase intention in mobile application stores. The results indicate that user loyalty increases continuance intention and purchase intention and that user habit positively affects perceived switching costs and user loyalty. App store quality is a formative construct including quality of content, ease of use, and security. App store quality affects user habit positively. This study theoretically and practically contributes to the integration of influential factors for continuance intention as well as purchase intention.