• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.135-151
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• 2012

Traditionally in IS studies, the relationship between construct and its measurement items tends to be assumed to be reflective, meaning that the measurements are a reflection of the construct. In reality, however, the nature of the construct can be often formative, which means that its measurement items describe and define the construct rather than vice versa. The purpose of this study was to investigate theoretical and empirically-analysed differences between formative construct and reflective construct through comprehensive interdisciplinary literature review. And then on the basis of these differences, we intended to derive the rule of specifying whether the construct is formative or reflective and propose the methodology of testing the validity(content validity, construct validity, internal consistency and external construct) of formative construct and its measurements, differentiated from that in the case of reflective construct. Also, we suggested the concrete statistical testing methods such as VTT(Vanishing Tetrad Test), MIMIC(Multiple Indicators and Multiple Causes) test and multi-collinearity test. In order to examine the applicability of this methodology to developing the constructs for performance evaluation of IS(Information Systems), we tried to identify its attribute(formative or reflective) and test the validity for the construct arbitrarily chosen among them which had been derived in our previous IS performance evaluation study by using this methodology. The result of the examination was that the methodology proposed in this study was significantly valid and effective in the area of IS performance evaluation.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.23-31
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• 2014

Entrepreneurship is considered as an important driver of economic growth, new firm creation, business rejuvenation& job creation. Over a period of time research within entrepreneurship literature has shifted from entrepreneur and his personality to his behavioral disposition. This has led to emergence of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) construct, which focuses on the process of entrepreneurship at firm level and it has emerged as the most widely researched area within entrepreneurship field. Though research in this field has been rigorous and exhaustive, still there have been concerns that researchers might have prematurely agreed on the composition, dimensionality, and nature of EO Construct. There has been considerable debate about whether EO Construct comprises three or five dimensions, about co-variance or independence of these dimensions and nature of construct whether formative or reflective. This article builds an argument about the multidimensional nature of EO construct comprising five dimensions, which vary independently and the fact that EO is better explained through formative construct rather than reflective one.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.129-141
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• 2013

When the formative construct is placed in the endogenous position, there are clear theoretical, mathematical, and empirical issues in model estimation. Nonetheless, scholars who have adopted structural equation modeling for empirical research and those who are engaged in debates on the viability of formative modeling fail to recognize the fundamental problems of employing formative measurement in the endogenous position. This manuscript is intended to set a corrective path by discussing three reasons why this frequented practice may be avoided in both theoretical and empirical research.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.211-238
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• 2015

Despite longstanding concern with the dimensionality of the service quality construct as measured by ServQual and IS-ServQual instruments, variations on the IS-ServQual instrument have been enduringly prominent in both academic research and practice in the field of IS. We explain the continuing popularity of the instrument based on the salience of the item set for predicting overall customer satisfaction, suggesting that the preoccupation with the dimensions has been a distraction. The implicit mutual exclusivity of the items suggests a more appropriate conceptualization of IS-ServQual as a formative index. This conceptualization resolves the paradox in IS-ServQual research, that of how an instrument with such well-known and well-documented weaknesses continue to be very influential and widely used by academics and practitioners. A formative conceptualization acknowledges and addresses the criticisms of IS-ServQual, while simultaneously explaining its enduring salience by focusing on the items rather than the "dimensions." By employing an opportunistic sample and adopting the most recent IS-ServQual instrument published in a leading IS journal (virtually, any valid IS-ServQual sample in combination with a previously tested instrument variant would suffice for study purposes), we demonstrate that when re-specified as both first-order and second-order formatives, IS-ServQual has good model quality metrics and high predictive power on customer satisfaction. We conclude that this formative specification has higher practical use and is more defensible theoretically.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.527-535
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• 2016

In the information systems literature from Korea, there has not been much research on formative constructs. It is crucial to establish a proper relationship between constructs and indicators. In other words, it is fundamental to specify reflective or formative constructs in evaluating performance as closely as possible to reality, and in testing the appropriateness of a proper causal model. One purpose of this study is that, through a comprehensive literature review, reflective and formative indicators are accurately understood, and a proper specification and development methodology is applied to the information system evaluation field. In addition, this study provides a useful guideline for developing formative indicators for performance evaluation of informatization programs. The following activities were undertaken to achieve the aforementioned purposes. First, the basic theories and preceding study models on successful factors of informatization programs and performance evaluations were reviewed, and a comprehensive interdisciplinary literature review was conducted to better understand the formative constructs. Lastly, we provide a construct for performance evaluation of informatization programs and evaluation indicators, as well as guidelines for specifying them. Therefore, by systematically specifying proper constructs, future domestic researchers can develop better constructs for performance evaluation of informatization programs.

• The Journal of Korean Association of Computer Education
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.65-76
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• 2014

This paper aims at implementing experimental devices with which middle school students can explore scientific ideas using GoGo Board and NetLogo that connect real and simulated worlds. Related research literature was reviewed to design a simulation-based learning model using computer simulation and robot-related activities. In order to construct devices for exploratory experiments, GoGo Board was adopted for developing the interface of Micro-Based Laboratory(MBL) devices with several sensors while NetLogo was used for connecting MBL devices (real world) and simulated experiments (virtual world). The simulation contents were developed in the area of heat equilibrium for changing temperature and the conduct-current relationship appeared in the textbook of middle school science class. With the developed device and contents students can visualize the change of temperature cold and hot waters in terms of heat equilibrium. They also can measure the change of conductor representing the relationship between conductor and current. The formative evaluation of the contents carried out with several middle school students indicated the future direction for upgrading simulation contents and interface. The results might be beneficial for science educators who want to apply simulation contents with the use of computers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.1140-1151
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• 2009

This study researches the formative character of 1920's fashion through cinema costumes from the perspective of the theories of W$\"{o}$lfilin and Delong. This study organizes a new perspective such as closed form & open form, part recognition & whole recognition, and flat & rounded to analyze the characteristics of form in the costumes of 'The Great Gatsby', 'Chariots of Fire', and 'Chicago'. The 1920's style in the fashion history is a closed form and flat because of simplicity and functionality. The costumes in Chariots of Fire' that focuses on the reappearance of 1920's fashion is a flat and closed form. However, the costumes of 'The Great Gatsby' that presents a symbolic meaning and 'Chicago' that expresses a splendid look are an open and rounded form. Evening dresses are open, with whole recognition and a rounded form because of sheer fabrics, beading, uneven hemlines, and lighting. Daytime dresses are a closed form and flat because of heavyweight fabrics, dark or achromatic colors and non-patterns. Also, open form and rounded, closed form and flat have a similar distribution in diagrams. When the viewer recognizes the form of clothes, they react in a similar way to two-dimensional and three-dimensional presentations that shows that the form of clothes is recognized by the relation with the body. In addition, this study researches the connection between diverse elements such as clothes, body, movements, space, and external elements such as lighting.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.73-92
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• 2019

Purpose This study conducted an empirical study on the influence of institutional mechanisms on the formation of customer trust among leading online businesses. This study focused on the construct of PEEIM(Perceived Effectiveness of e-Commerce Institutional Mechanisms) which is the perceived recognition of institutional mechanisms for e-Commerce in general and the construct of PEIS which is the perceived recognition of institutional mechanisms that are implemented by vendors. Design/methodology/approach The online and offline surveys were conducted for the leading online shopping vendors in Korea and 292 data were used for the empirical analysis. The research model was tested using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) in this study. The full measurement model including the formative second-order constructs was examined with the exploratory factor analysis. The structural model was analyzed via a two-stage approach. To analyze the research model this study used Smart PLS 2.0 program. Findings The findings showed that PEEIM negatively moderates the relationship between satisfaction in vender and trust in vender, but had no moderating effect between trust in vender and repurchase intention. In addition, the institutional mechanisms of vendors(PEIS) have been shown to have a direct impact on the vender's trust.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.47-56
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• 2012

This study particularly looked at educational philosophy and content of Design Academy Eindhoven in Holland which provides multidisciplinary design education. For it might be important data for examining the educational substance and directivity in design that help construct education system in design for a new era among the varying design paradigm. The biggest feature of DAE education system designed for students to optimize their ability with systematic education of 8 contexts with 4 approaches through innovative specialty system. Besides, their interaction helps students major in what is individual specialty. Most of all, the study on the contents of DAE's multidisciplinary education is expected to be significant data for our design education that lacks integrative perspective in the respect that students might be able to develop their identity as an individual designer in changing society beyond the mere technical and formative level of design.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.65-76
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• 2015

This study investigates predictors of continuance intention and purchase intention in mobile application(App) stores. This study identifies the structural relationships among app store quality, user habit, switching costs, user loyalty, continuance intention, and purchase intention in mobile application stores. The results indicate that user loyalty increases continuance intention and purchase intention and that user habit positively affects perceived switching costs and user loyalty. App store quality is a formative construct including quality of content, ease of use, and security. App store quality affects user habit positively. This study theoretically and practically contributes to the integration of influential factors for continuance intention as well as purchase intention.