• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.10-14
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• 2005

Background and Objectives : Vowels are characterized on the basis of formant patterns. The first formant(F1) is determined by high-low placement of the tongue, and the second formant (F2) by front-back placement of the tongue. The fundamental frequency(F0) of a soprano often exceed the normal frequency of the first formant. And the vocal intensity is boosted when F0 is high and a harmonic coincides with a formant. This is called a formant tuning. Experienced singers thus learned how to tune their formants over a resonable range by lowering the tongue to maximize their vocal intensity. So, the current study aimed to identify the formant tuning in one experienced soprano by comparing the first formants of vowel [i] in three different voice production : speech, ascending scale, and vocalize. Materials and Method : All voices recordings of vowel [i] in speech, ascending scale (from F4 note to A4 note), and vocalize(:Ridente la calam") were made with digital audio tape-corder in a sound treated room. And the captured data were analyzed by the long term average(LTA) power spectrum using the FFT algorithm of the Computerized Speech Lab(CSL, Kay elementrics, Model, 4300B). Results : Although the first formant of vowel [i] in speech was 238Hz, those of ascending scale [i] were 377Hz, 405Hz, 453Hz respectively in F4(349z), G4(392Hz), A4(440Hz) note, and 722Hz, 820Hz, 918Hz respectively in F5 (698Hz), G5(784Hz), A5(880Hz) note. In vocalize, first formants of [i] were 380Hz, 398Hz, 453Hz respectively in F4, G4, A4 note, and 720Hz, 821Hz, 890Hz respectively in F5, G5, A5 note. Conclusion : These results showed that the first formant of ascending scale and vocalize sustained higher frequency than fundamental frequency in high pitch. This finding implicates that the formant tuning of vowel [i] in ascending scale was also noted in vocalize.

• 음성과학
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.59-72
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• 2000

Vocal tract resonances are of paramount importance to voice sounds. Resonance frequencies determine vowel quality and the personal voice timber. The aim of this study was to make an effective diction program according to tuning formant frequencies by adjusting the vocal tract shape in professional voice users. Twelve male student singers and eleven female student singers participated in this study. The subjects repeated five simple vowels /a, e, i, o, u/ in normal speech and singing. The spoken vowels and sung vowels were measured by formant frequencies and the singer's formant frequencies using CSL and DSP Sona-Graph. Separately, Plot formants program was used to draw the vowel chart. The results were as follows. (1) Total formant frequencies of female singers were 11% higher than those of males singers in singing. (2) The F1 and F3 of sung vowels increased compared to F1 and F3 spoken vowels. However, The F2 of sung vowels decreased in comparison with F2 of spoken vowels. (3) Posterior vowel /u/ were moved anteriorly. This phenomenon seemed to be due to head voice singing training. (4) Singer's formant frequencies in student singers appeared according to the part: 2560 Hz for baritone, 2760 Hz for Tenor, 2821 Hz for Mezzo soprano and 3420 Hz for soprano.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제19권11호
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• pp.159-166
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• 2014

본 논문에서는 감정을 통해 단어의 의미가 변화될 때 운율과 음질로 표현되는 음향 요소가 어떠한 역할을 하는지 분석한다. 이를 위해 6명의 발화자에 의해 5가지 감정 상태로 표현된 60개의 데이터를 이용하여 감정에 따른 운율과 음질의 변화를 살펴본다. 감정에 따른 운율과 음질의 변화를 찾기 위해 8개의 음향 요소를 분석하였으며, 각 감정 상태를 표현하는 주요한 요소를 판별 해석을 통해 통계적으로 분석한다. 그 결과 화남의 감정은 음의 세기 및 2차 포먼트 대역너비와 깊은 연관이 있음을 확인할 수 있었고, 기쁨의 감정은 2차와 3차 포먼트 값 및 음의 세기와 연관이 있으며, 슬픔은 음질 보다는 주로 음의 세기와 높낮이 정보에 영향을 받는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, 공포는 음의 높낮이와 2차 포먼트 값 및 그 대역너비와 깊은 관계가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 감정 음성 인식 시스템뿐만 아니라, 감정 음성 합성 시스템에서도 적극 활용될 수 있을 것으로 예상된다.