• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.61-76
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• 2003

As people get broader access to health information through the internet, there is a greater need for measure to maximize the social advantages of the internet and to minimize negative side-effects. With this concern, this paper classifies internet health information services sites into : on-line supply of health information, on-line consultation, on-line diagnosis, and on-line sales. As well this paper analyzes domestic laws supporting and/or regulating these services. The efficient provision of internet health services requires comprehensive laws on individual privacy protection, prevention and handling of medical accidents, an electronic prescription form for internet diagnosis, electronic signing, payment for medical expenses, qualifications for internet medical practitioners. Additional laws are required to establish internet pharmacies and internet health goods stores. These new laws can be prepared either separately or through revision of existing laws governing medical practice, pharmacies, and public health promotion. However, as the legal control by the government on cyber processes and entities has a fairly minimal effect, consumers should be encouraged to improve their own capacity for wisely using internet health services and health-service providers should be encouraged to promote voluntary supervision and control of their own services and practices.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.5-16
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• 2011

Objectives: This study analyzed the effects of diabetes interventions published in journals of nursing, medical and public health, to suggest directions for future research. Methods: A comprehensive search of three databases was undertaken (Korean studies, Riss4U, RICHIS) using research terms such as "diabetes", "nursing", "public health", "intervention" and "program". One hundred fifty four original articles were retrieved and 21 articles were finally analyzed. The analyzed articles satisfied the inclusion criteria and their effect size was calculated. Results: Most studies about diabetes intervention were published form 2001. 2005 (57.1%). The psycho-social variables, 'self-efficacy' and 'self-care' presented good effects on exercise or exercise prescription intervention. In addition, the physiological variables, 'fasting blood sugar' and 'glycosylated glucose' presented good effects on the interventions using four more elements or the interventions held in a public health center. Conclusion: Further research should consider the essential elements that benefit diabetes patients' behaviors or physiological indicators.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.158-166
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• 2013

Background: Colorectal cancer shows a significant increase in South Korea due to westernization of diet, lack of dietary fiber, drinking and smoking, irregular defecation. There are surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy in treatment of colorectal cancer. There may be a medication errors in the process of chemotherapy because of its high toxicity, narrow therapeutic index and the health status of cancer patients. Consequently medication errors can cause increasing the risk of death, prolonging hospital stay and increasing the cost. Among medication errors on medication use process, prescribing errors are of particular concern due to higher risk of serious consequences. It is important for pharmacist to prevent the prescribing errors before reaching patient. Therefore we analyzed the prescriptions of colorectal cancer, classified prescribing errors, suggested guideline to reduce prescribing errors and verified the importance of pharmacist's role in prevention of medication errors activity. Methods: We collected the numbers of prescriptions of colorectal cancer(n=2,373) through anti cancer management program and EMR and analyzed the errors of prescriptions by categories from Oct 1st 2011 to Sep 30th 2012 at Chungbuk National University Hospital. We reviewed the prescriptions as follows - patients' characteristics, the result of test, previous prescriptions, characteristics of antineoplastic agents and patients' allergy, drug sensitivity, adverse events. Prescriptions are classified into inpatient and outpatient and analyzed the errors of prescriptions by categories (dosage form, dose, input, diluents, regimen, product). Results: Total prescription number of inpatient and outpatient of colorectal cancer was 1,193 and 1,180 and that of errors was 107(9%) and 22(1.9%), respectively. In case of errors of categories, the number of errors of dosage form is 69 and 8, errors of dose is 15 and 5, errors of input is 9 and 9 in inpatient and outpatient prescriptions, respectively. Errors of diluents is 8, errors of regimen is 3, errors of product is 3 in only inpatient prescriptions. In case of errors of categories by inpatient department, the number of errors of dosage form is 34 and 35, errors of dose is 7 and 8, errors of input is 6 and 3, errors of diluents is 4 and 4, errors of regimen is 2 and 1, errors of product is 2 and 1 in SG and HO, respectively. In case of outpatient department, the number of errors of dosage form is 8 in HO, errors of dose is 5 in HO, errors of input is 5 and 4 in SG and HO, respectively. Conclusions: The rate of errors of inpatient is higher than that of outpatient. Junior doctors are engaged in prescriptions of inpatient and pharmacist need to pay attention to review all prescriptions. If prescribing errors are discovered, pharmacist should contact the prescriber and correct the errors without delay. The guideline to reduce prescribing errors might be upgrading software of anti cancer management program, education for physicians as well as pharmacists and calling prescriber's attention to preventing recurrence of errors.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.86-98
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• 1996

This study is intended to revaluate old tree, five of the shot of the Natural Monument and 66 shot trees under protection in the city at present. The study covers distribution, management of usage, investigation and research into various matters relating to the situation of old trees in Pusan. Because 60% of the old trees selected for protection is on private land, citizens have difficulty gaining access to them. Also space for growth is impinged on by various urban facilities. Some trees have problems of growth because the land is covered with cement and asphalt. As regards space for old trees, many places have been destroyed due to the lack of protection fences and the failure to establish a guidance board. Only 40% of the space has been set aside for rest. In these places the establishment of rest areas, benches and handy chairs is needed. And there are 20 holy places where people observe religious ceremonies. As for space security necessary for old trees according to trunk width, the minimum trunk width and availale area needed are more than 1:1.5, but less than 30% have the necessary space. The growth of many old trees is threatended because of the small apace for growth. The prescription of the boundary space is divided between inside and outside. This indicates the domain nature and space rank of the old tree. It can be classified into five forms for research purposes. The elements for prescription of critical space outside are connected with the security of space, and the elements relating to inside space portray the conditions for sensitive growth according to the institution and the ground conditions. The open and closed nature of old tree space has some connection with the relationship between usage and the intimacy of the user. Most of the spaces for old trees can't be used or are difficult to gain access to, so it is necessary to secure enough space for them. The 18 places, despite having easy access, are near farmland, hills or forest. So the intimacy factor is low, and the security of space of the old trees is not generally sufficient. Henceforth, it will be necessary to have security of area for old trees as well as maintenance control to protect them. Also the space should be used as a communal and recreation are in the city. It is the time to construct a landscaped area which people can easily approach, a place with a secure entrance where they can play, rest and converse.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.32 no.6 s.95
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• pp.443-453
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• 2002

The principal aims of this study were to identify the composition of salivary pellicles formed on various orthodontic brackets and to obtain a detailed information about the protein adsorption profiles from whole saliva and two major glandular salivas. Four different types of orthodontic brackets were used. All were upper bicuspid brackets with a $022{\times}028$ slot Roth prescription; stainless steel metal, monocrystalline sapphire, polycrystalline alumina, and plastic brackets. Bracket pelicles were formed by the incubation of orthodontic brackets with whole saliva, submandibular-sublingual saliva, and parotid saliva for 2 hours. The bracket pellicles were extracted and confirmed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Western transfer methods, and immunodetection. The results showed that low-molecular weight salivary mucin, ${\alpha}-amylase$, secretory IgA (sIgA), acidic proline-rich proteins, and cystatins were attached to all of these brackets regardless of the bracket types. High-molecular weight mucin, which promotes the adhesion of Streptococcus mutans, did not adhere to uy orthodontic brackets. Though the same components were detected in all bracket pellicles, however, the gel profiles showed qualitatively and quantitatively different pellicles, according to the origins of saliva and the bracket types. In particular, the binding of sIgA was more prominent in the pellicles from parotid saliva and the binding of cystatins was prominent in the pellicles from the form plastic brackets. This study indicates that numerous salivary proteins adhere to the orthodontic brackets and these salivary proteins adhere selectively according to bracket types and the types of the saliva.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.33-85
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• 1998

In order to find the characteristic medical methods of "BianZhengGiMun" by the author ChenShihTo, we have translated and analyzed the mentioned book. Upon analyses, the following facts were noted : 1) "BianZhengGiMun" is written and composed of case studies. Prescriptive methods described here differ rather from previously known methods, where as our nation's Oriental medicine practitioners refer and consider these methods as miraculous modern methodologies. 2) Book's content has much similarities to "ShangHanLun"'s original text. Moreover, the content is adjusted towards presenting methodologies not coverd in "ShangHanLun"'s text, together with adding more information to conserve "ShangHanLun"'s methods as well as to critique them. 3) Diagnostic methods mainly follow the ZangFuBianZheng(臟腑辨證)'s pattern, where it's recorded information and theories are valid. 4) "BianZhengGiMun"'s proscriptive methods usually follow BuYinShengJin(補陰生津)'s form, where they were appropriate for that period and circumstances. 5) In consideration of all of the above factors, ChenShihTo grasped ShangHan and WenBing(acute febrile disease due to exogenous factor) as WaiGanReBing(外感熱病)'s double sided characteristics, where this corresponds with the current belief. It is believed that this in turn would provide much practical value to the present time.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.17-36
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• 2016

Objectives : This paper seeks to study the provenances of 10 Symptoms of Para-cold damage from Yixuerumen, and discovers the rationality and originality of para-cold damages recognized by Li Chan. Methods : The paper looks through the books referenced by Yixuerumen to investigate the source text for Yixuerumen's Para-cold Damage chapter, and the contents of the referenced books will be compared to that of Yixuerumen. Results : The sources of the 10 symptoms of para-cold damage from Yixuerumen Chapter of Cold Damage can be traced to Leizhenghuorenshu (expectoration, indigestion, rising temperature due to lack of energy, and beriberi), Wang Zhen's Shanghanzhengzhimingtiao Xinzengxuleishanghansizheng(the infection in a boil, blood sattis, caused overexertion, and pox), and Liu Chun's Yujiweiyi's chapter on Common Cold. Here, Li Chan made his own addition of internal damage and damage of overworking. Li Chan seems to have considered para-cold damage not as a type of cold damage but as a "concept relative to the broader range of cold damage." In reflection of this understanding, Li Chan limited the number of categories to ten in accordance with the developmental trace leading from Leizhenghuorenshu to Shanghanzhengzhimingtiao. When we understand para-cold damage as a "concept relative to the narrower range of cold damage," it could be used as a mean as for "Wenbin diagnosis," but Yixuerumen's para-cold damage is only utilized for the "diagnosis of a broader concept of cold damage." Conclusions : Li Chan deserves credits for his academic rationality and originality displayed by the method he used to form para-cold damages where he used real cold damage and para-cold damage as principles, by the division of para-cold damage symptoms into ten provenances, by the creation of the concept of para-cold damage, and by his broad collection of prescription and treatment corresponding to each type.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.8-19
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• 2017

This study on "Wenbingtiaobian" covers identifying pattern of prescription, understanding system of multiple syndrome differentiations, characteristics of treatment and medicinal substances. The source books are "Korean translation of Wenbingtiaobian", "Modern Shanghanlun", "Jinkuiyaolueyishi", "Chinese Medicine Formulas". "Wenbingtiaobian" has system of multiple patterns including three energizer syndrome differentiation, classification of disease, six meridian syndrome differentiation and wei-qi-ying-xue syndrome differentiation. That describes cause, location, nature, power and transmutation of disease. Wei-qi-ying-xue pattern is meaningful to warm-heat disease and three energizer pattern is relevant to dampness-heat disease. The warm disease shows mostly yang brightness bowel syndrome and patterns of three yin viscera. In aspect of the heat disease, qi aspect pattern makes up the largest number of syndrome differentiation and have sometimes with bowel excess or fluid deficiency. And treatment for wei aspect pattern is primarily 'outthrust the pathogen with pungent-cool'. Deficiency cold pattern and cold pattern with dampness occupy most of cold patterns. And many dampness patterns are dampness-heat pattern in middle energizer and 'inhibited lung qi transforming' is major mechanism. Patterns with fluid deficiency in qi aspect syndrome appear mostly in upper or middle energizer and in xue aspect syndrome appear mostly in lower energizer and they form 20% of all syndrome differentiations. The treatment of clearing heat uses pungent-cool(cold) for upper energizer, sweet-cold for middle energizer, sweet(salty)-cold for lower energizer. The treatment of tonifying yin uses mostly salty-cold for middle or lower energizer. The treatment of outthrusting pathogen is applied to all the wei-qi-ying-xue aspect combined with other treatments by using pungent-cool(cold) and light herbs. Understanding diseases in the respect of syndrome differentiation can enhance understanding of modern diseases from a perspective of Korean Traditional Medicinal(KTM) and can make clinical application of KTM treatments easy. Data from this study are expected to be basic for standardization and systemization of KTM.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.24-37
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• 2022

Objectives : The purpose of this literature review is to analyze process of manufacture and formulation and toxicity of Geumgweyoryak(金匱要略)'s external applicants for modern and safe using. Methods : This study used the Geumgweyoryak(金匱要略) reprinted by Zhao Kaimei(趙開美) as basic data for a understanding of the manufacture and formulation and toxicity for external applicants. Among the 25 chapters, the 22 chapters were studied except for the last three chapters, which are known to be written by later writers. Based on the above, Geumgweyoryeok(金匱要略)'s external applicants was analyzed the process of manufacture, formulation and the toxicity. Results : There are 11 types of external applicants of Geumgweyoryak(金匱要略). Washing method(洗法) was used 2 times, Drop method(瀝法) was used 1 time, Smoke method(熏法) was used 2 times, Rubbing method(摩法) was used 1 time, Plaster method(敷法) was used 2 times, Invading method(浸法) was used 1 time, Suppository method (坐法) was used 2 times, Flatiron method(烙法) was used 1 time. According to classified the modern formulation, there are 4 types of powder formulation, 4 types of liquid formulation, 2 types of suppository, and 1 type of Semi-solid formulation. Especially toxic drugs, such as Realgar(雄黃) or Hydrocerussite(鉛粉), should be careful. When Realgar(雄黃) smokes, a toxic substance called AS2O3 can come out. Hydrocerussite(鉛粉) can cause lead poisoning. Lead increases the risk of anemia, dehydration, and lead neuropathy when chronically exposed. Conclusion : We supposed that this study can serve as a basic data to help clinical Korean doctors to use the prescription for external applicants more safely and to easily apply it in the form of external applicants.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.513-520
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• 2012

This research was planned and executed to evaluate how the composition of Yack-sun tea can affect the health conditions of people who are suffering from diet-related such as being overweight, are obese and have hyperlipidemia, by taking Yack-sun tea in a form of a nutritional supplement with our daily meals. We produced Kangjieum with Lycium chinense Mill., Polygonum multflorum Thunb, Cassia tora L., Crataegus pinnatifida Bge and Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. Thus, we approach of oriental diet therapy area research of Kangjieum and analysis proximate composition, water soluble antioxidant content. The content(%, dry basis) of total carbohydrate was 60.23%, crude protein was 18.18%, crude ash was 11.36% and crude fat was 10.23% in Kangjieum. Total water soluble antioxidant content was 1.027 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Kangjieum. We think that scientific and objective evaluation was done on the components of the Kangjieum prescription. This basic data could help guide the application of oriental medicinal resources into other foods and serve as a stepping-stone for use of Kangjieum in the burgeoning field of nutraceutical foods. Last, the scientific effects of oriental medicinal foods developed according to oriental medicinal theory. This theory is believed to be essential for government policy development concerning validation of medicinal effects and assessment, with the aim of fostering systematic development and providing guidance to food development in the interest of national health.