• 국제초고층학회논문집
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.19-33
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• 2023

Air Rights techniques, including floor-area ratio (FAR) transfers, FAR bonuses, and FAR storage, have been widely applied among skyscraper constructions in New York City for profit maximization goals. Since 1916, air rights regulations in New York zoning system have been revised and improved over the years to cater the urban development needs of different periods, and they also result in typical skyscraper block typologies. This research firstly performed spatial overlay analysis to reveal the spatial correlation between skyscraper blocks and air rights application blocks; secondly, Spacematrix parameters and cluster analysis are applied to divide the skyscraper urban block of New York City into four categories. Compared with air rights application data, the research attempts to illustrate how various air rights techniques have acted on the formation and evolution of skyscraper block typologies in the pre-1916, 1916-1961, 1961-2010, and 2010-present periods respectively, in order to reveal the relationship between public policies and urban morphology in a broader sense and also provide references for policy making in future.

• 천문학회보
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.64.3-65
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• 2020

It has been studied that galaxies evolve following a typical trajectory on the phase space under the influence of deep gravitational potential of galaxy clusters. Similarly, the large-scale filaments could also affect the evolution of galaxies before falling into the clusters. In this study, using a dark matter-only cosmological simulation, N-Cluster Run, we explore the evolution of galaxies on the phase space drien by large-scale filaments. We find that galaxies around the filaments form a common trajectory on the phase space as well as cluster galaxies do. We also examine how these trajectories change depending on various physical parameters such as galaxy mass, initial distance of galaxies from large-scale filaments, and cluster mass.

• 천문학회보
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.46.2-46.2
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• 2021

Presolar silicon carbide (SiC) grains form around in the envelopes of asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars by satisfying C/O>1 which is an optimal condition for SiC grains to condense in the stellar outflows. Ruthenium (Ru) isotopes are locked into the SiC grains during the condensation of SiC grains. We investigate the isotopic compositions of Ru in the stellar winds by using the NuGrid data, which are obtained by nucleosynthesis calculations during the stellar evolution. We compare the isotopic compositions of Ru obtained from the NuGrid data with measurements and the predictions obtained from different codes. Our results present a piece of evidence that SiC grains in the presolar system came from low-mass and low-metallicity AGB stars, also confirming that they were not from massive stars. We also suggest a new scenario in which the total stellar yields are also considered because SiC grains can condense during the collapse of molecular clouds.

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.290-295
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• 2001

We fabricated test samples containing various shape elements and surface roughness checking points for the jewelry cast master patterns by employing the 3D computer aided design (CAD), selective laser sintering (SLS) rapid prototype (RP) with the DuraForm powders. We varied the alignment angle from $0^{\circ}$ to $10^{\circ}$ at a given layer thickness of 0.08 and 0.1mm, respectively, in RP operation. Dimensions of the shape elements as well as values of surface roughness are characterized by an optical microscope and a contact-scanning profilometer. Surface roughness values of the top and vertical face increased as the alignment angle increased, while the other roughness values and shape elements variation were not depending on the alignment angle. The resolution of the shape realization was enhanced as the layer thickness became smaller. The minimum diameter of the hole, common in jewelry design, was 1.2 mm, and the shrinkage became 12% at the 1.6 mm-diameter hole, Our results implied that we face down the proposed design elements with $0^{\circ}$ alignment angle, and consider the shrinkage effect of each shape element in DuraForm RP jewelry modeling.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.295-301
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• 1998

Since the end of the Pliocene, ancestral strains of Astyanax fasciatus have been accidently washed into different caves at the time of flooding and have lost their eyes and body pigments. Availability of this independently derived cave fish and their ancestral form within a single species provided a unique opportunity for studying the process of molecular evolution of the visual pigment gene. The nucleotide sequence comparisons of an ancestral river fish and two cave fish showed that nucleotide polymorphism of a green-like visual pigment gene between the eyed and blind form of A. fasciatus was much higher than that between the same blind form. Considering the number of nucleotide substitutions per nucleotide site and the direction of the nucleotide substitutions, more nucleotide substituions between the different forms of fish rater than the same one were probably due to more frequent mutations in the eyed river form. Nucleotide substitutions per site at the intron have been ocurred more than three times faster than those at the exon. This result indicates that the functional constraint has affected the green-like visual pigment gene of the blind cave fish although its eye sight is no longer required.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.7-20
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• 2023

This study aims to reveal the multilayered nature of the formal aspects of communal house architecture in North Korea. It is said that Kim Jong Il, who emerged as a successor after the mid-1970s, brought about a change in the architecture, leading the construction of a sculptural communal house on Gwangbok Street in 1989, and wrote The art of architecture (1992), which theorized architecture as an object of art. Therefore, it is widely perceived that the communal house was transformed from a simple form of living function to an artistic architecture with the rise of Kim Jong Il. This study, however, argues that this change was the result of an internal evolution in North Korean architecture, rather than a simple change in the position of an individual in power. It seeks to move away from the dichotomy that divides the communal house into two periods: the "KimIl-sung period," in which the communal house was laid out in a simple form to provide mass supply and a socialist lifestyle, and the "Kim Jong-il period," in which the communal house took on an artistic form, such as the Gwangbok Street communal house, in the early years of reconstruction. In the 1950s and 1960s, before KimJong-il's arrival, the communal house form was not simply a flat arrangement, but a three-dimensional and sculptural consideration of the effect on the cityscape.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제20권11호
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• pp.1863-1872
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• 2006

In FMS (Flexible Manufacturing System) and CIM (Computer Integrated Manufacturing), machine-tools have been the target of integration in the last three decades. The conventional concept of integration is being changed into the autonomous manufacturing device based on the knowledge evolution by applying advanced information technology in which an open architecture controller, high-speed network and internet technology are included. In the advanced environment, the machine-tools is not the target of integration anymore, but has been the key subject of cooperation. In the near future, machine-tools will be more improved in the form of a knowledge-evolutionary intelligent device. The final goal of this study is to develop an intelligent machine having knowledge-evolution capability and a management system based on internet operability. The knowledge-evolutionary intelligent machine-tools is expected to gather knowledge autonomically, by producing knowledge, understanding knowledge, reasoning knowledge, making a new decision, dialoguing with other machines, etc. The concept of the knowledge-evolutionary intelligent machine is originated from the machine control being operated by human experts' sense, dialogue and decision. The structure of knowledge evolution in M2M (Machine to Machine) and the scheme for a dialogue agent among agent-based modules such as a sensory agent, a dialogue agent and an expert system (decision support agent) are presented in this paper, with intent to develop the knowledge-evolutionary machine-tools. The dialogue agent functions as an interface for inter-machine cooperation. To design the dialogue agent module in an M2M environment, FIPA (Foundation of Intelligent Physical Agent) standard platform and the ping agent based on FIPA are analyzed in this study. In addition, the dialogue agent is designed and applied to recommend cutting conditions and thermal error compensation in a tapping machine. The knowledge-evolutionary machine-tools are expected easily implemented on the basis of this study and shows a good assistance to sensory and decision support agents.

• 산업클러스터
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2008

지역경제의 성공에 있어 산업클러스터의 중요성에 대한 증대된 인식에도 불구하고, 구산업지구에 대한 클러스터 정책의 효과성에 대해서는 그다지 많은 관심이 모이지 못했다. 이들 지역 중 상당수에서는 아직 산업클러스터가 작동하고 있거나 재도약을 위한 새로운 전략이 모색되고 있다. 본 연구는 구산업지구에서 대한 산업클러스터 정책의 효과성을 산업클러스터의 진화적 성격에 대한 이해로부터 찾으려 한다. 이를 위하여 유럽 구산업지구의 변환에 대한 선행연구들을 고찰하고, 어떻게 클러스터 정책이 주요한 정책수단으로 등장하게 되었는지 살펴본다. 본 연구는 또한 영국의 북동지 역에서 어떻게 철강산업의 공급체인이 형성되었는지 사례 연구를 통해 살펴본다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 결론은 클러스터 형성 과정에서의 정책적 개입의 타이밍을 어떻게 잡을 것인지를 보여주는 자료에 초점을 맞추고 있다.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.133-141
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• 2005

Most of the endogenous retroviral genes integrated into the primate genome after the split of New World monkeys in the Oligocene era, approximately 33 million years ago. Because they can change the structure of adjacent genes and move between and within chromosomes they may play important roles in evolutionas well as in many kinds of disease and the creation of genetic polymorphism. Comparative analysis of HERVs (human endogenous retroviruses) and their LTR (long terminal repeat) elements in the primate genomes will help us to understand the possible impact of HERV elements in the evolution and phylogeny of primates. For example, HERV-K LTR and SINE-R elements have been identified that have been subject to recent change in the course of primate evolution. They are specific elements to the human genome and could be related to biological function. The HERV-M element is related to the superfamily of HERV-K and is integrated into the periphilin gene as the truncated form, 5'LTR-gag-pol-3'LTR. PCR and RT-PCR approaches indicated that the insertion of various retrotransposable elements in a common ancestor genome may make different transcript variants in different primate species. Examination of the HERV-W elementrevealed that env fragments were detected on human chromosomes 1, 3-7, 12, 14, 17, 20, and X, whilst the pol fragments were detected on human chromosomes 2-8, 10-15, 20, 21, X, and Y. Bioinformatic blast search showed that almost full-length of the HERV-W family was identified on human chromosomes 1-8, 11-15, 17, 18, 21, and X. Expression analysis of HERV-W genes (gag, pol, and env) in human tissues by RT-PCR indicated that gag and pol were expressed in specific tissues, whilst env was constituitively expressed in all tissues examined. DNA sequence based phylogenetic analysis indicated that the gag, pol and env genes have evolved independently during primate evolution. It will thus be of considerable interest to expand the current HERV gene information of various primates and disease tissues.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.201-209
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• 2019

본 연구는 세계 스마트시티의 미래상을 위해 형태적 진화과정을 파악하는데 목적을 두고 있다. 주요 연구내용과 방법은 스마트시티에 융합 된 환경기술과 정보기술을 4개 대륙과 우리나라로 나누어 비교하였다. 이를 통해 연관성 분석과 시기별 디바이스/기술의 융합개수 분석을 하였다. 분석 자료는 우리나라를 포함한 세계 32개 스마트시티 사례이고, 시기는 4개의 범위 이다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 1기의 스마트시티는 환경의 보존, 기존도시의 고유형태 고수, 필요한 디바이스/기술을 충족하는 형태적 진화였다. 둘째, 2기의 스마트시티는 정보기술 중심 개발을 통한 형태적 진화였다. 셋째, 3기의 스마트시티는 정보기술의 고도화와 환경기술의 에너지생산 그리고 관련된 디바이스/기술이 융합된 형태적 진화였다. 넷째, 4기에는 모든 기술의 고도화 과정을 통해 융합, 소멸, 그리고 새로운 환경기술과 정보기술이 창조되는 형태적 진화였다. 결과적으로, 스마트시티의 형태적 진화는 환경기술과 정보기술 간의 차별적 개발이 아닌, 융합형태의 유기적인 도시구조로 변화될 것이다. 더불어, 이러한 반복적인 기술의 융합과정을 통해 스마트시티의 형태는 계속해서 진화될 것이다.