• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.43-57
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• 2022

This study aims to classify forest fire-affected areas, identify forest types by the intensity of forest fire damage using multi-time Landsat-satellite images before and after forest fires and to analyze the effects of artificial restoration sites and natural restoration sites. The difference in the values of the Normalized Burned Ratio(NBR) before and after forest fire damage not only maximized the identification of forest fire affected and unaffected areas, but also quantified the intensity of forest fire damage. The index was also used to confirm that the higher the intensity of forest fire damage in all forest fire-affected areas, the higher the proportion of coniferous forests, relatively. Monitoring was conducted after forest fires through Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI), an index suitable for the analysis of effects by restoration type and the NDVI values for artificial restoration sites were found to no longer be higher after recovering the average NDVI prior to the forest fire. On the other hand, the natural restoration site witnessed that the average NDVI value gradually became higher than before the forest fires. The study result confirms the natural resilience of forests and these results can serve as a basis for decision-making for future restoration plans for the forest fire affected areas. Further analysis with various conditions is required to improve accuracy and utilization for the policies, in particular, spatial analysis through forest maps as well as review through site checks before and immediately after forest fires. More precise analysis on the effects of restoration will be available based on a long term monitoring.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.87-96
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• 2004

This study concentrates on the trail of the CNU(Chungnam National University) forest. The amount of use and the pattern of damage are considered, as well as the extent of environmental damage. Finally, some managerial strategies are proposed in connection with sustainable maintenance. The trail of the university forest is composed of three sections; one is the neighborhood park and the Institute of Information Technology/Communications, the second is the Institute of Information Technology/Communications and the Dormitory, and the third section is the Dormitory and the Foreign prof's Apt. The total length of the trail is 2.6km. The daily amount of use is 1,269 visitors per day. The amount of using increased three times the amount of that in 1998. This study shows the pattern of damage of the trail in the order of root-exposure, widening, rock-exposure, deepening and the divergence in the frequency of occurrence of all these factors. Environmental damage is also graded thus: grade 3 is 27.4m, grade 4 is 0.8m, grade 5 is 1.5m, and grade 6 is 0.2m. Accordingly, some managerial strategies were proposed in connection with the sustainable trail maintenance.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.66-71
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• 1977

The growth of red and black pines in Muan, Seochen, Gapyeong and Kochang areas was compared by means of the growth of annual ring width and stem analysis to study the process of damages caused by pine needle gall midge. Red pine forest of Seocheon area began to suffer by pine needle gall midge from 1961 and the damage was to becoming severe from 1967. The damage became so intense tha tmany forests are withering to death from spring of 1975. Black pine forest also began to suffer from 1973. Red pine forest of Muan area was supposed to be suffered from 1973. Red pine forest of Kochang area suffered by pine needle gall midge from 1967. It seems that the damage became severe from 1973 and that black pine forest was also badly damaged from that time. Red pine forest of the control plot, Gapyeong area, began to suffer from 1967 and it also became intense from 1973. Although the areas of Seocheon, Muan, Kochang, and Gapyeong are different from each other in terms of locality and the infitration period of pine needle gall equally from 1967 due to mass development of population or other factors and the damage became more intense from 1973. Black pine forest was also badly damaged from that time. Black pine seems to be stronger in insect resistant than red pine. This can be justified by the fact that it began to suffer belatedly in each area and the degree of damage is moderate. The damage of Seocheon area is the severest following Kochang. Muan area is relatively moderate but the forest becoming decrease in growth.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.14 no.2 s.36
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• pp.89-94
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• 2006

Forest damage is a worldwide issue and specially, a forest fire involves damage to itself and causes secondary damage such as a flood etc. However, actually, clear analysis on forest fire damage can be hardly conducted due to difficulty in approaching a forest fire and quite a long period of time for analysis. To overcome such difficulty, recently, forest fire damage has been actively investigated with satellite image data, but it is also difficult to obtain satellite image data fitted to the time a forest fire occurred. In addition, it is burdensome to verify accuracy of the obtained image. Therefore, this study was attempted to look into the damaged districts from forest fires by reference to spectroradiometric characteristics of the obtained vegetation with a spectroradiometer as preliminary work to use satellite image data. To begin with, the researcher analyzed the field survey data each measured 3 months and 6 months after occurrence of a forest fire by judging the extent of the damage through visual observation and using a spectroradiometer in order to investigate any potential errors arising out of one-time visual observation. Besides, in this study, groups showing possibilities that trees might be restored to life and wither to death could be classified on the sampling points where forest fire damage is minor.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.143-149
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• 2008

We conduct economic analysis of the snow damage on sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) forest stands in Toyama Prefecture, Japan. We utilize a single tree and distant independent growth simulator called "Silv-Forest." With this growth simulator, we developed an optimization model by dynamic programming, called DP-Silv (Dynamic Programming Silv-Forest). The MS-PATH (multiple stage projection alternative technique) algorithm was embedded as a searching algorithm of dynamic programming. The height / DBH ratio was used to constrain the thinning regime for snow damage protection. The optimal rotation age turned out to be 65 years for the non-restricted case, while it was 50 years for the restricted case. The difference in NPV of these two cases as the induced costs ranged from 179,867 to 1,910,713yen/ha over the rotation age of 20 to 75 years. Under the optimal rotation of 65 years, the cost became 914,226 yen/ha. The estimated annual payment based on the difference in NPV, was from 9,869 yen/ha/yr to 85,900 yen/ha/yr. All in all, 10,000 yen/ha/yr to 20,000 yen/ha/yr seems to cover the payment from the rotation age of 35 to 75 years.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.3
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• pp.315-320
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• 2016

This study was carried out to establish a management plan for urban forest trails with analysis of trail damage types and soil physicochemical properties on 3 urban forest parks in Jinju, Gyeongnam-do. We found that soil hardness was significantly higher in forest trails than forest area at 0 cm and 5 cm at a significance level of 0.05. However, we could not find any significant differences for other soil properties. For the trail damage types, the most common types were as follows: trail expansion (66%), trail erosion (59%), side road (57%), and trail boundary erosion and root exposure (41%). The results showed no difference in most of these types between the trails and forest area, indicating that the forest area might be damaged as well as the trails. Priority should be given to prepare measures that prevent soil compaction from overcrowded hikers.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.3
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• pp.295-299
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• 2007

Resistance to chestnut gall wasp (Dryocosmus kuriphilus) of Korean prevailing chestnut cultivars, new cultivars released by Korea Forest Research Institute (KFRI), and local cultivars by growers was investigated to select optimal cultivars suitable for main chestnut producing areas. During three years investigated from 2004 to 2006, we could find no damage by chestnut gall wasp in any cultivars of test sites located in Gongju and Chungju of the central area. However, most cultivars of Gwangyang, Sancheong and Hapcheon sites located in the southern area showed a lot of damage by chestnut gall wasp. Hapcheon was most severe in comparison with regional damage by chestnut gall wasp. From comparison among cultivars, Kwangeun, Sandae, Eunsan and Idae released by KFRI showed no damage suggesting the highest resistant cultivars. On the contrary, over 20% in total damage by chestnut gall wasp was investigated in Tanzawa, Riheiguri, Kurakata-amaguri, Pyeonggi, Gwangdeok, Seil, Sinipyeong and Yumabyuni suggesting susceptible cultivars. In damage by chestnut gall wasp according to investigated position within tree, weak shoot was more severe than bearing shoot. Damage by chestnut gall wasp of major cultivars in Gwangyang, Sancheong and Hapcheon sites was remarkably decreased in 2006, and it seems to be caused by biological control by natural enemies such as Torymus sinensis.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.34-40
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• 2020

This study aims to create a model for predicting the number of extinguishment manpower to put out forest fires by taking into account the climate, the situation, and the extent of the damage at the time of the forest fires. Past research has been approached to determine the cause of the forest fire or to predict the occurrence of a forest fire. How to deal with forest fires is also a very important part of how to deal with them, so predicting the number of extinguishment manpower is important. Therefore predicting the number of extinguishment manpower that have been put into the forest fire is something that can be presented as a new perspective. This study presents a model for predicting the number of extinguishment manpower inputs considering the scale of the damage with forest fire on a scale bigger than 0.1 ha as data based on the forest fire annual report(Korea Forest Service; KFS) from 2015 to 2018 using the moderated multiple regression analysis. As a result, weather factors and extinguished time considering the damage show that affect forest fire extinguishment manpower.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.39-46
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• 2011

In order to consider the prevention countermeasure to the occurrence of forest fires, analysing characteristic of the past forest fire data is needed. This research analyzed distribution and characteristics of forest fires damage over 30 ha based on statistics data of forest fires in Korea between 1975 and 2010. As a result, the number of forest fires damage over 30 ha as 23 was most occurred in 1978. Forest fires show an upward tendency from 1970 to 2000. Forest fires of 30 ha~50 ha damaged area was most occurred. Forest fire in Gangwon province was occurred as the number of total 66 (37.0 %). Gangwon province was superior in point density analysis. The number of forest fire occurrence over 30 ha was most high to 114 (63.0 %) in April and to 44 (24.3 %) in Sunday. The occurrence number of forest fire and damage caused by forest fire is increasing more and more since 1975, appropriate authorities can use effectively in devising policy for forest fire prevention from this result.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.4
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• pp.528-536
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to investigate the damage characteristics induced by winter freezing of evergreen broad-leaved trees distributed in urban area of warm temperate forest zone, which are gaining increased interest recently as climate change. The results of the study indicated that, as for 'stem injury', Camellia japonica Linne (59.6%) had the weakest damage, while Ternstroemia gymnanthera Sprague (83.3%) had the most severe damage. By the visual evaluation of freezing injury according to the characteristics of plantations environment, the observations of single planting (p<0.01) in planting method had weaker damage than those of group planting, the observations of under tree (p<0.001), plain (p<0.001), and organic matter plenty (p<0.05) in plantations characteristics had significant differences with relatively weaker damage than the observations of open space, slop, and scarcity, respectively. Tree height (-0.432) and crown width (-0.470) among growth factors were negatively correlated with the severity of damage, respectively. Therefore, the selection of tree species is vital for the successful creation of these urban forested area by making considerations of planting environment, and further research on evergreen broad-leaved trees is needed in this aspect.