• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.96-101
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• 1990

This field experiment was undertaken to find out the effect of grazing and cutting management on the forage quality and soil hardness at different legumes sown swards of the experimental field of Livestock Experiment Station in Suweon, from August 1985 to October 1988. The results obtained are as follows: 1. Crude protein, crude fat and ash contents under grazing were higher than these under cutting, but showed the reverse results in crude fiber and nitrogen free extracts contents. Average in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) under grazing (72 %) was a little higher than that under cutting (71 %). On the other hand, there was little difference among the mixtures swards in mineral contents and IVDMD. 2. The contents of Ca, P and Mg were a little high in the cutting, but K and Na contents were in gazing. Ca: P ratio in grazing (2.97) was slightly higher than that of cutting (2.94). 3. Production of energies(TDN, StE and NEL) with cutting were appeard to increase by 19.4 %, 13.5 %and 19.0 % than those of grazing, respectively. Mixtures swards including alfalfa showed more production both grazing and cutting. 4. Soil hardness in the top lOcm of soil by cattle grazing was changed from 15.5mm at startihg year to 22.6 mm after 3 years, but in cutting slightly increase from 15.5mm to 16.2mm. Generally it was low in early spring and high in autumn.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.297-302
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• 1995

The objective of this experiment was to compare the dry matter intake, nutrients digestibility, nitrogen and energy utilization of hehage among the orchardgrass(OG) pure, orchardgrass(OG)-red clover(RC) mixture and complex rnixtures(C. mix) by Korean native goat. The results obtained were surnmerized as follows: 1. Crude protein(CP) content was higher in OG-RC and C. Mix diets than in OG pure diets(P<0.05). NDF content was higher in OG pure diets than other diets(P<0.05). But ADF, Lignin contents and gross energy did not differ among all diets. 2. Dry matter intake by Korean native goat tend to be high in OG-RC diets, and low in OG pure diets. But there was no significant difference statistically. Dry matter and cellular constituents digestibilities were higher for OG-RC and C. Mix diets than OG pure diet, but CP and NDF digestibilities were no significant difference among diets. 3. The amount of nitrogen consumed amount by Korean native goat in the OG-RC diet was higher than other diets. But, due to largely relative urinary and fecal nitrogen loss, Apparrently digested nitrogen and retained nitrogen percents were not significant difference among diets. 4. The amount of energy consumed by Korean native goat in OG-RC diet was higher than other diets. But, due to largely relative urinary and fecal energy loss, digestable energy percent was lower than C. Mix diets. But.metabolic energy percent was no significant difference among diets. Therefore, there was no significant differences among sward types for the utilization of nitrogen and energy by Korean native goats.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.197-202
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• 1999

바랭이(Digitaria sanguinalis L.) 우점 야초지의 건물수량, 사료가치 및 영양소 이용성 등을 구명하여 조사료원으로 활용 가능성을 탐색하고자 숙기별 건물수량, 화학적 성분을 조사하였고, 재래산양 12두를 공시하여 혼파목초와 바랭이 우점 야초를 급여하여 섭취량, 건물소화율 및 질소와 에너지 이용성 등을 평가한 결과는 다음과 같다. 바랭이 우점 야초지의 평균 건물수량은 8,473kg/ha이었으며, 평균 CP, NDF, ADF 및 lignin 함량은 각각 13.0%, 74.1%, 38.6% 및 10.4%이었다. 건물섭취량은 바랭이 우점 야초지가 혼파초지에 비하여 다소 낮은 편이었으나 두 처리간에 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 그러나 건물소화율, 세포내용물의 소화율, NDF 및 ADF 소화율은 바랭이 우점 야초지가 혼파초지에 비하여 낮은 결과를 보였다(P<0.05). 질소 및 에너지의 이용성은 바랭이우점 야초지가 혼파초지에 비하여 낮았다(P<0.05). 이상의 결과로 보아 바랭이 우점 야초지는 혼파초지에 비하여 건물섭취량과 소화율 및 질소와 에너지이용성 등이 다소 낮은 편이지만, 시비를 하지 않고 연간 8,473kg/ha의 건물수량을 얻을 수 있어 부존 조사료원의 하나로 이용 가능성은 크다고 하겠다.

• 방사선산업학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.37-43
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• 2013

We examined the forage quality to provide the basic information for the utilization of blackberry by-products (leaf and stem) among thirty-five mutant lines derived from gamma-ray. The leaves had higher crude protein (CP) contents than stems. In addition, the leaves showed broad ranges of variation in crude fat, crude fiber and crude ash. The overall forage quality of the stems were similar to those of the original variety. The mean of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content of leaves and stems in mutant lines were 25.88% and 58.98%, respectively. Also, the mean of acid detergent fiber (ADF) content of leaves and stems in mutant lines were 15.43% and 49.27%, respectively. Forage quality grades of all blackberry leaf were special quality class. However, the blackberry stem ranked $1^{st}$ to $5^{th}$ in quality class. The stem diameter was negatively ($P{\leq}0.05$) correlated with the moisture and crude protein. Also, the fruit length was highly negatively ($P{\leq}0.01$) correlated with the RFV (relative feed value) in blackberry leaf. The one hundred fruit weight was highly negatively ($P{\leq}0.01$) correlated with the crude ash. Based on these results, the by-products of blackberry could provide high quality forage for feeding of live stock.

• 한국초지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국초지조사료학회 2002년도 창립 30주년 International Symposium
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• pp.131-156
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• 2002

Although economically viable, the livestock industry is currently facing a number of challenging environmental problems and highly complex social issues, many of which are related to its size and geographically concentrated nature. Increased emphasis on environmental quality has also placed new demands on livestock producers to ensure that their production practices are in harmony with natural environment. In terms of sustainable agricultural systems, ruminants have served and will continue to serve a valuable role. They are particularly useful in converting vast renewable resources from rangeland, pasture, and crop residues or other by-product into food edible for human. With ruminants, land that is too poor or too erodable to cultivate becomes productive. Also, nutrients in by-products are utilized and do not become a waste-disposal problem. In Korea, however, native and dairy cattle production is not consistent with the advantageous roles of ruminant livestock in sustainable agricultural system because imported feed grains become the main basis for cattle raising. At present the ruminant livestock producers are heavily concentrated in and around the urban areas. About 75% of all the nation's cattle herds are kept on the outskirts of urban areas. As a result, the amount of pasture and forage land available per head of cattle is generally small. Furthermore, animals are raised in a cattle shed with high density. This situation is rather unfavorable for the national economic and environmental points of view As nation income increased, the demand for livestock products grew at an unforeseeable pace. But the pasture area involving in current utilization is tended to decrease during recent years. Based on the above figures more than 250,000 ha of pasture ought to be available for the present herd of cattle. It is obvious that these needs can scarcely be met with arable lands. Lands area for the establishment of new grassland have to be found in the hills and mountains which have not yet been used for crop framing or livestock. The development of extensive grasslands in the hill and woodland areas is now a declared aim. The starting point of the present work is the lack of knowledge of forage production and utilization in hill pasture and woodland in spite of indispensable necessity for livestock production in Korea. The importance of pastoral system in hill region and woodland is particularly emphasized in a standpoint of sustainable livestock production. Main chapter comprises the principle and techniques applicable for improving the utilization of hill pasture and woodland. We finally discussed the problems to solve and future works for a successful livestock production in hill and mountainous area in Korea.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.556-567
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• 2020

Objective: To improve the utility of native grass resources as feed in China, we investigated the dynamics of protein and carbohydrate fractions among Inner Mongolian native grasses, during ensiling and the aerobic stage, using the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System. Methods: Silages were prepared without or with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculant. We analyzed the protein and carbohydrate fractions and fermentation quality of silages at 0, 5, 15, 20, 30, and 60 d of ensiling, and the stability at 0.5, 2, 5, and 10 d during the aerobic stage. Results: Inner Mongolian native grass contained 10.8% crude protein (CP) and 3.6% water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) on a dry matter basis. During ensiling, pH and CP and WSC content decreased (p<0.05), whereas lactic acid and ammonia nitrogen (N) content increased (p<0.05). Non-protein N (PA) content increased significantly, whereas rapidly degraded true protein (PB₁), intermediately degraded true protein (PB₂), total carbohydrate (CHO), sugars (CA), starch (CB₁), and degradable cell wall carbohydrate (CB₂) content decreased during ensiling (p<0.05). At 30 d of ensiling, control and LAB-treated silages were well preserved and had lower pH (<4.2) and ammonia-N content (<0.4 g/kg of fresh matter [FM]) and higher lactic acid content (>1.0% of FM). During the aerobic stage, CP, extract ether, WSC, lactic acid, acetic acid, PB₁, PB₂, true protein degraded slowly (PB₃), CHO, CA, CB₁, and CB₂ content decreased significantly in all silages, whereas pH, ammonia-N, PA, and bound true protein (PC) content increased significantly. Conclusion: Control and LAB-treated silages produced similar results in terms of fermentation quality, aerobic stability, and protein and carbohydrate fractions. Inner Mongolian native grass produced good silage, nutrients were preserved during ensiling and protein and carbohydrate losses largely occurred during the aerobic stage.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.118-123
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• 1995

This experiment was canied out to determine the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilization level (0, 70, 140, 280 and 420 k a a ) on the grass growth, dry matter (DM) production, numtive value, and botanical composition in reed canarygrass (Phalaris ancndinacea L.) pasture. \ulcornerhe cultivar used in this study was Palaton, and the grass was harvested at soiling-hay stage (3 times per year) in 1992 and 1993. As the N level was increased, the plant height, DM produdion, and crude protein (CP) content were significantly increased (P<0.05). When the N was applied at the levels of 0, 70, 140, 280, 420 kg, DM yields were 4,540, 5,316, 6,060, 7,923 and 9,960 kgha, and CP contents were 17.6, 17.4, 17.4, 18.4 and 19.8%, respectively. However, as the N level was increased, DM percentage, total digestible nutrients, and relative feed value were decreased, while the contents of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber, and bareland were continuously increased, particularly in the plot of N 420 kg fdzation. From the above results, it is suggested that reed canarygrass was one of the sensitive pasture grasses to N fertilizer, and the proper amount of N application was 280 kg/ha/yr for desirable production, nutritive value, and botanical composition in r e d conarygrass pasmre.

• 한국초지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국초지조사료학회 2002년도 창립 30주년 International Symposium
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• pp.103-127
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• 2002

독일에서 초지를 근거로 한 가축경영의 중요한 문제는 목초보다는 옥수수나 곡류로 아주 쉽게 얻어질 수 있는 사료인 고에너지 농후사료가 필수적인 고능력우의 사육에 있다. 그러므로 우유생산은 초지지역에서 사료작물 지역으로 이동하는 추세이다. 아마 미래에는 우유생산은 초지지역에서 사료작물 지역으로 이동하는 추세이다. 아마 미래에는 우유생산에 있어서 농후사료에 의한 과잉영양분은 정부에 의해 제약을 받게 될 것이며, 발생되는 문제는 가장 좋은 초지를 이용하고, 최적의 사일리지 및 분료이용 기술을 이용하므로 해결될 수 있다. 지속적인 조사료 생산의 가장 중요한 단계는 특히, 사일리지 목초지에서 일반적인 보파기술을 포함한 초지관리에 있다. Hessian 초지의 약 40% 정도가 초지이용을 유지하기 위하여 그리고 자연자원을 보호하기 위하여 농업-환경 프로그램들(agri-environmental programs)로 관리를 받고 있다. 선택적인 조치들이 자연 및 산림보존에 대한 특별한 문제들을 해결하기 위하여 수행되어지고 있다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.33-41
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• 1988

In a study about minerals cycling in grassland agro-ecosystem, investigation on relations among two minerals, potassium(K) and magnesium(Mg), and nitrogen(N) was performed. Four kinds of diets different in K and N levels were fed to four goats with a Latin-square method and $2{\times}2$ factorial design. As the basal diet, press cake silage prepared from Italian ryegrass was used because of its uniformity and comparatively low mineral concentrations. Supplementation of K and N were made using potassium bicarbonate and urea. In the experiment, it was clearly shown that high K concentration in the forage crops is the main reason of the low utilization of Mg in ruminant animals. However, high nitrogen intake resulted in the increase of magnesium retention, urinary potassium excretion, water intake and volume of urine and in the decreases of potassium intake minus urinary potassium excretion. The results of high nitrogen intake seemed to be produced in the following order;increase of urine, increase of water intake, increase of urinary potassium excretion, and decrease of intake minus urinary potassium excretion. The amount of potassium intake minus urinary potassium excretion had significantly close relationships with magnesium utilization and serum magnesium concentration. As a conclusion, higher nitrogen intake by ruminants seemed to be preferable for magnesium utilization through increased water intake and urinary potassium excretion, if the sufficient drinking water could be supplied to ruminants.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.79-84
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• 2007

본 연구는 아열대 일년생 작물인 kenaf를 철원지역에서 품종 Dowling, Everglade-41, Tainung-2를 재배하여 생육특성과 광합성율을 측정하였다. 생장분석 결과 파종 후 53일째에 Everglade-41 품종이 잎 생체중과 건물중이 가장 높게 나타내었다. 줄기 무게는 Tainung-2 품종이 가장 높았으며, 93일과 115일째에서는 Dowling 품종이 줄기와 잎에서 가장 높은 생체중과 건물중을 나타내어 생산적 측면에서는 Dowling 품종이 가장 높게 나타났다. 이 생장분석 결과로 Dowling 품종의 높이는 그리 높지 않지만 잎의 수가 많고, 직경이 커서 Dowling 품종이 더 효과적인 생산성을 보였다. 광합성 측정에서는 일사량이 많은 파종 후 73일째인 8월초에 측정한 Everglade-41 품종이 28.6 $CO_2{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$으로 가장 높은 수치를 나타내었다. 파종 후 115일째 수확시 식물체의 높이는 품종별 차이는 나타내지 않았지만, 줄기의 굵기는 Dowling과 Everglade-41 품종이 28mm정도로 Tainung-2 품종에 비해 현저히 높게 나타났다. 본 시험결과에서는 철원지역에서의 모든 품종들은 앞서 제주지역에서 얻은 실험 결과와 비교하여 수확량은 감소하였다. 이는 제주에서의 kenaf 재배는 철원지역보다 재식밀도가 더 넓었으며 재배기간도 길었기 때문이다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 재식밀도와 재배기간을 더 늘린다면 철원지역에서의 kenaf의 사료작물로서 생산량은 높아지리라 사료된다.