• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.169-178
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• 2014

Samples of Clitoria ternatea L. (Cunh$\tilde{a}$) were harvested at 35, 50, 70, and 90 d after a uniformity harvest in a field study designed as a completely randomized design with a total of 18 experimental plots. The dry matter yield of the whole plant was separated quantitatively into leaves, stems, and pods at each harvesting age. Chemical analyses and in vitro gas production kinetics were performed to assess the quality of the plant parts. Yields, chemical composition, and estimates of gas production parameters were analyzed by fitting a mixed statistical model with two types of covariance structures as follows: variance components and an unrestricted structure with heterogeneous variances. Fast and slow gas yielding pools were detected for both leaves and stems, but only a single pool was detected for pods. The homoscedasticity assumption was more likely for all variables, except for some parameters of the gas production kinetics of leaves and stems. There was no presence of typical pods at 35 and 50 d. In the leaves, the fibrous fractions were affected, whereas the non-fibrous fractions were unaffected by the harvesting age. The harvesting age affected the majority of the chemical constituents and gas kinetic parameters related to the stems. The leaves of this legume were the least affected part by the aging process.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.226-235
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• 2000

A survey on feeding practices was conducted with thirty-one cattle farmers belonging to three categories: households without land and no income from agricultural labour (Class 100;10 farms), households without land but deriving considerable income from agricultural labour (Class 101;10 farms), and households with land and without income from agricultural labour (Class 110;11 farms). Information on the types of feeds given of one year. In addition, samples of the feeds offered and refused were collected every two weeks and analysed for dry matter, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (OMD). Grass was usually cut at an early stage of growth, as such the CP(11.8%) and OMD (62%) were relatively high. All types of rice straw (whole, lower and upper part) and sugarcane forage (tops and leaves) were low in CP (<6 and <8.9%, respectively) and OMD (<45 and <47%, respectively). Rice bran and tofu waste was of much better quality than any other feed. The average number of different feeds in the rations (mean of all farms) was 1.98, with a lower value for class 101 (1.80), than for classes 100 and 110 (2.11 and 2.02, respectively). Of the total amount of OM consumed, 42% was rice straw, 21% grass, 19% maize forage, 10% sugarcane forage, <4% other forages (soya and groundnut straw), 1.3% rice bran and 2.9% tofu waste. The total amount of OM offered varied from <80 $g/kg^{0.75}/d$ in August/September to 1.5 times as much in May (P<0.01). The intake of digestible organic matter (IDOM) for farm class 110 ($37.7g/kg^{0.75}/d$) was significantly (p<0.001) lower than that for classes 100 and 101 (44.1 and $41.3g/kg^{0.75}/d$, respectively). The highest CP/IDOM ratio was recorded for farm class 101 (0.201 as compared to 0.181-0.184).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권11호
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• pp.1738-1746
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• 2018

Objective: The aim of the experiment was to assess the effect of increasing amounts of Leucaena leucocephala forage on dry matter intake (DMI), organic matter intake (OMI), enteric methane production, rumen fermentation pattern and protozoa population in cattle fed Pennisetum purpureum and housed in respiration chambers. Methods: Five crossbred heifers (Bos taurus${\times}$Bos indicus) (BW: $295{\pm}6kg$) were fed chopped P. purpureum grass and increasing levels of L. leucocephala (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of dry matter [DM]) in a $5{\times}5$ Latin square design. Results: The voluntary intake and methane production were measured for 23 h per day in respiration chambers; molar proportions of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were determined at 6 h postprandial period. Molar concentration of VFAs in rumen liquor were similar (p>0.05) between treatments. However, methane production decreased linearly (p<0.005), recording a maximum reduction of up to ~61% with 80% of DM incorporation of L. leucocephala in the ration and no changes (p>0.05) in rumen protozoa population were found. Conclusion: Inclusion of 80% of L. leucocephala in the diet of heifers fed low-quality tropical forages has the capacity to reduce up to 61.3% enteric methane emission without affecting DMI, OMI, and protozoa population in rumen liquor.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.115-120
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• 2010

본 연구는 양질의 조사료를 최대한 생산하기 위해 월동 사료작물 재배기술을 보완하고 봄 파종의 가능성과 생산성을 구명하고자 수원 국립축산과학원에서 국내개발 품종을 공시하여 2009년 3월부터 6월까지 수행하였다. 처리내용은 단파 3처리 (이탈리안 라이그라스 (IRG) 조생종 Kowinearly, 중생종 Kowinmaster, 청보리 유연)와 혼파 2처리 (Kowinearly와 유연, Kowinmaster와 유연) 등 5처리였다. 생육기간 중 IRG에서 도복이 다소 있었으나 혼파에서는 관찰되지 않았고, IRG Kowinearly의 출수기는 5월 16일, Kowinmaster는 5월 22일, 청보리와 혼파구의 출수기는 5월 13일이었다. 수확 시 건물률은 22.2~27.6%로 사일리지 조제를 위해서는 다소의 예건이 필요하였다. 처리간 사료가치는 대체로 비슷한 경향이나 조단백질 함량은 IRG가 청보리에 비해 높았으며, 건물소화율은 Kowinmaster에서 약간 낮은 경향이었다. 건물수량은 조생종 IRG Kowinearly와 유연보리 혼파구에서 13,816 kg/ha으로 가장 많았다 (p<0.05). 조단백질 수량과 가소화 건물수량도 Kowinearly와 유연보리 혼파구에서 각각 1,384 kg/ha과 10,387 kg으로 많은 경향이었다. 본 연구의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 IRG와 청보리의 혼파재배는 IRG의 도복억제, 건물수량, 조단백질 수량, 가소화 건물수량의 증가 및 재배의 안정성 제고에 효과적이었으며, 봄 재배 시 사일리지로 이용한다면 생산성과 건물함량 등을 고려할 때, 후작물 파종에 영향을 주지 않는다면, 5월보다는 6월 상순 수확이 바람직한 것으로 평가되었다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.109-114
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• 2010

본 시험은 논에서 벼 대체 여름 사료작물인 수수류를 논 재배하여 생육특성과 수량에서 우수한 품종을 선발할 목적으로 2007년부터 2008년까지 2년간에 걸쳐 전라남도 농업기술원 논포장에서 수행하였다. 도입품종인 수수류 6품종 중에서 'SX17'는 습해에 비교적 강하고 특히 2차 재생이 잘되며 당도가 높고 병해 강한 생육특성을 보였고 수량 측면에서도 생초수량이 ha당 89,192 kg, 건물수량이 21,038 kg으로 가장 우수한 품종이었다. 다음으로 유망한 품종은 '소르단 79'와 'Revolution'으로 건물수량이 ha 당 20톤 이상으로 사일리지용으로 적합한 품종이었고, G7 품종은 습해에 강하고 청예수량이 많기 때문에 청예를 목적으로 할 경우에 적합한 품종이었다. 따라서 본 연구결과를 토대로 볼 때 남부지역에서 벼 대체 사료작물인 수수류를 논에 재배 할때는 배수가 양호한 논의 선정이 중요하고 수수류 품종 중에서는 'SX17' 품종을 재배하는 것이 적응성이나 생산성 측면에서 가장 유리하다고 할 수 있다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.419-428
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• 2012

이 연구는 동계 사료맥류를 활용하여 건초대용 양질 헤일리지의 생산 가능성을 검토하기 위하여 맥종별 수확시기, 적정 건조시간 및 헤일리지 품질을 분석하였다. 그 결과 수확시기가 늦어질수록 건물수량과 TDN 수량은 높아지는 경향이었고, 단백질과 NDF, ADF 함량은 낮아지는 경향을 보였다(p<0.05). 헤일리지 조제를 위한 건조시간은 청보리, 귀리, 트리티케일, 총체밀 모두 유숙기에는 수분함량이 높음과 동시에 기상온도도 높지 않으므로 32시간 이상 예건이 필요하고, 황숙기에는 8~24시간 정도 예건이 필요하며, 완숙기에는 예건이 필요 없었다. 호밀은 출수 후 10일에는 32시간 이상, 출수 후 20일, 30일에서는 24시간 이상 예건이 필요하였다. 헤일리지 발효품질에서 pH는 모든 맥종에서 모두 수확시기가 늦어질수록 높아지는 경향을 보였고, 젖산함량은 유숙기에 가장 높은 값을 보였고, 수확시기가 늦어질수록 감소하였다(p<0.05). 초산도 수확시기가 늦어짐에 따라 감소하는 경향을 보였고, 낙산은 검출되지 않았다. 이상의 연구결과를 종합하여 볼 때, 사료맥류로 헤일리지 조제 시 단백질함량이나 발효품질 면에서는 수확이 빠를수록 유리하지만 우리나라 기상조건으로 볼 때 예건의 어려움이 있으므로, 호밀은 청예나 사일리지로 이용을 하고 청보리와 귀리, 트리티케일, 총체밀은 황숙기에 수확하여 8~24시간 정도 예건하면 헤일리지로 이용 가능성이 있는 것으로 판단되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권7호
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• pp.889-900
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• 2010

Spices can be used as novel supplements to enhance the utilization of low quality forages (LQF) and reduce nutrient wastage by ruminant animals. However, it is essential to characterize these spices alongside LQF before testing their potential use as supplements in ruminant diets. This study characterized four spices (cinnamon, cumin, clove and turmeric) alongside three forages (rice straw, wheat straw and hay) for their chemical components before evaluating their effect at four different doses (0, 10, 30 and 90 mg/g forage DM) on the in vitro rumen degradability of dry matter (DM) (IVD) and organic matter (OM) (IVOMD) of these forages at various incubation times. It appeared that some spices could provide complementary nutrients which could improve the utilization of LQF where hay had better chemical composition than the other two forages. Cumin contained more crude protein (CP), ether extract and mineral contents whereas turmeric contained more soluble sugars than the other spices. Cinnamon was least acceptable as a ruminant supplement due to its higher condensed tannin and saponin and lower CP and mineral contents. The IVD and IVOMD were highest for hay and lowest for wheat straw with all spices at all incubation times (p<0.001). Due to relatively better nutrient profiles, cumin and turmeric had greater effect on IVD and IVOMD of the forages. In contrast, cinnamon had negative effects on IVD and IVOMD. IVD and IVOMD were greater at 10 mg/g than at other levels of most spices suggesting that using certain amounts of spices can increase forage degradability. However, the choice of a spice will depend upon the forage type being offered to ruminants. Further studies will examine the effect of these spices on fermentation profile, methane production and nitrogenous loss by ruminants.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.246-252
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• 1992

In order to reduce the problems from overlapping between rye harvest and maize seeding dates, and also to improve the growth, productivity and nutritive value of rye (Secale cereale L.), an experiment was carried out to determine the variety effect of rye on the forage production system, and seeding date effect on the yield and quality of rye. The experiment was conducted in the forage testing field of S.N.U., Suweon, from September 1988 to May 1989. The dry matter and in vitro digestible dry matter yields of rye harvested 14 April were 5.2 t and 4.6 t/ha with an early maturing rye variety, Winter more, but 3.1 t and 2.8 t/ha were obtained with a late maturing rye variety, Kodiak. When seeding date was delayed, a significant decrease in dry matter yield was observed. ADF and NDF contents, and IVDMD of an early maturing rye, Winter more, harvested 14 April were 25.6, 44.8 and 81.9 %, but those of a late maturing rye, Kodiak, were 21.1, 39.5 and 88.9 %, respectively. ADF and NDF contents of rye were increased as the seeding date was delayed, but ail forage ryes from different seeding dates as well as varieties were recorded as the 1st grade proposed by market hay grades. The dry matter and in vitro digestible dry matter yields of rye harvested at 80 %heading stage were significantly decreased as delayed seeding date, but no significant differences were found between early and late maturing varieties. No differences in ADF and NDF contents, and IVDMD of the rye harvested at 80% heading stage were found among the treatments, but all forage ryes were evaluated as the 4 th grade proposed by market hay grades.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.59-66
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• 2001

In order to determine the influence of nitrogen on agronomic characters, forage yield and quality, a Kenaf was cultured on the volcanic ash soil at the Experimental Farm of Cheju national University under the seven levels of nitrogen rates(0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250kg/ha) from April 25 to Dec. 25, 1999. The plant height increased by increase of nitrogen rate, showing longest 250kg/ha with 286.6cm and shortest at no application plot with 255.7cm. The difference on leaf number, leaf withering number, stem diameter and branches number by nitrogen rate showed a similar tendency to the plant height. Increasing N rate from 0 to 250kg/ha fresh forage yield form 55.8 to 99.8MT/ha, dry matter (DM) yield from 8.8 to 15.8MT/ha, crude protein(CP) yield form 1.2 to 3.1MT/ha, total digestible nutrients (TDN) yield from 3.8 to 8.6MT/ha. However, no significant differences in these yields were found between 200 and 250kg N/ha. Nitrogen uptake increased form 192.9 to 496.2 kg/ha but N use efficiency decreased form 95.0 to 66.6 kg DM$^{a}$ /kg N with increasing from 0 to 250 kg/ha. As N rate increased from 0 to 250kg/ha, leaf and stem out of CP, crude fat (CF), nitrogen free extract (NFE), TDN contents increased from 20.1% to 25.8% and from 9.7% to 12.4%, from 5.6% to 8.1% and from 3.3% to 4.4%, from 36.1% to 40.2% and from 21.9% to 32.4%, from 59.3% to 75.0% and from 32.2% to 38.2%, respectively, while leaf and stem out of crude fiber decreased from 18.5% to 16.7% and from 51.5% to 39.3%. Based on the these findings, the optimum N rate for forage production of kenaf seems to be about 200 kg/ha in atmospheric phenomena and volcanic ash soils of jeju island.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1620-1620
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• 2001

Forages, both grazed and conserved, provide the basis of ruminant production systems throughout the world. More than 90 per cent of the feed energy consumed by herbivorous animals world - wide were provided by forages. With such world - wide dependence on forages, the economic and nutritional necessity of been able to characterize them in a meaningful way is vital. The characterization of forages for productive animals is becoming important for several reasons. Relative to conventional laboratory procedures, Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) offers advantages of simplicity, speed, reduced chemical waste, and more cost-effective prediction of product functionality. NIR spectroscopy represents a radical departure from conventional analytical methods, in that entire sample of forage is characterized in terms of its absorption properties in the near infrared region, rather than separate subsamples being treated with various chemicals to isolate specific components. This forces the analyst to abandon his/her traditional narrow focus on the sample (one analyte at a time) and to take a broader view of the relationship between components within the sample and between the sample and the population from which it comes. forage is usually analysed by NIRS in dry and ground presentation. Initial success of NIRS analysis of coarse forages suggest a need to better understand the potential for analysis of minimally processed samples. Preparation costs and possible compositional alterations could be reduced by samples presented to the instrument in undried and unground conditions. NIRS has gained widespread acceptance for the analysis of forage quality constituents on dry material, however little attention has been given to the use of NIRS for chemical determinations on undried and unground forages. Relatively few works reported the use of NIRS to determine quality parameters on undried materials, most of them on both grass and corn silage. Only two works have been found on the determination of quality parameters on fresh forages. The objectives of this paper were (1) to evaluate the use of NIRS for determination of nitrogen and moisture on undried and unground forage samples and (2) to explore two mathematical treatments and two NIR regions to predict chemical parameters on fresh forage. Four hundred forage samples (n: 400) were analysed in a NIRS 6500 instrument (NIR Systems, PA, USA) in reflectance mode. Two mathematical treatments were applied: 1,4,4,1 and 2,5,5,2. Predictive equations were developed using modified partial least squares (MPLS) with internal cross - validation. Coefficient of determination in calibration (${R^2}_{CAL}$) and standard error in cross-validation (SECV) for moisture were 0.92 (12.4) and 0.92 (12.4) for 1,4,4,1 and 2,5,5,2 respectively, on g $kg^{-1}$ dry weight. For crude protein NIRS calibration statistics yield a (${R^2}_{CAL}$) and (SECV) of 0.85 (19.8) and 0.85 (19.6) for 1,4,4,1 and 2,5,5,2 respectively, on a dry weight. It was concluded that NIRS is a suitable method to predict moisture and nitrogen on fresh forage without samples preparation.