• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.153-160
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• 1992

This experiment was conducted to investigate the adaptability of legume in different legume-grass mixtures according to altitude(600, 800, lOOOm a.s.1.) in the alpine area. The experimental plot was allocated as a split plot design with three replications. The main plots were sowing season(spring and fall) and subplots legume-grass mixture(alfa1fa-grass, red clover-grass and white clover-grass mixture). The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. At 600m, in case of sowing alfalfa, red clover and white clover in fall. each legume of legume-grass mixtures was consistuted about 30% without between-year variation and then all legumes at fall sowing could grow. 2. At 800m, in case of sowing white clover in spring this species was consistuted about 14.7 % at the last cutting without severe between-year variation. 3. At 1000m, only white clover sown in spring like at 800m was somewhat maintained without severe between-year variation. 4. Percentage and DM yield of legume considerably decreased with the rise of altitude and alfalfa couldn't grow more than 800m.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.176-182
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• 2021

Ensiling is the most preferred technology to preserve the silage quality with high nutrients by the presence of lactic acid bacteria. In this study, lactic acid bacteria RJ1 and S22 were used to make the silages from different leguminous plants such as alfalfa, hairy vetch and red clover. Experimental groups were divided into control and LAB inoculated groups. LAB inoculated group; all legumes treated with a mixture of RJ1 and S22 and made an anaerobic condition for 45d. Without the addition of LAB considered the control group. The results showed that the lactic acid content was higher in all silages in response to LAB treatment and acetic acid content was slightly increased except red clover by LAB compared to control silages. A poor silage quality marker butyric acid was reduced all legume silages in response to LAB inoculation than control silages. The organic acid is closely associated with microbial population experimental silages. We noted that higher LAB and lower yeast were found in the silage in response to LAB treatment. The contents of crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and total digestible nutrient (TDN) were not altered significantly between control and LAB treated silages. Overall data suggested that the inclusion of additional LAB potentially enhance the silage quality and preserved the nutrients for long period.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.139-147
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• 1996

Eight Philoppine forages were studied to obtain the following: 1) nutrient concentrations and digestibility, 2) distribution of the various minerals in fiber fractions through mineral analyses of neutral detergent fiber(NDF) and acid detergent fiber(ADF) residues, and 3) correlation coefficients among the factors affecting forage quality and mineral concentrations. These Philippine forages were paragrass [Brachiaria mutica (Forsk.) Stapf], stargrass (Cynodon plectostachyum Pilger), napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.) calopo (Calopogonium muconoides Desv.), centrocema (Centrocema pubescens Benth.), gliricidia [Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp.] leucaena [Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit.] and sesbania [Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poir]. Species differences(p<0.01) were observed on various nutrient fractions including mineral composition and digestibility. The cell wall(NDF) fraction, prepared by boiling in neutral detergent solution, contained the following proportions of the total mineral originally present (%): calcium (Ca), 0.7; phosphorus(P), 14.3; magnesium(Mg), 1.9; potassium(K), 3.7; copper(Cu), 16.4; zinc(Zn), 2.9; molybdenum(Mo), 9.3; cobalt(Co), 16.2; manganese(Mn), 5.6, and iron(Fe), 81.3. The ligno-cellulose(ADF) fraction, prepared by boiling in acid detergent solution, contained the following proportions of the total mineral originally present(%): Ca, 0.2; P, 4.4; Mg, 0.7; K, 2.8; Cu, 32.3; Zn, 1.1; Mo, 8.9; Co, 4.7; Mn, 5.4; and Fe, 36.8. Correlation coefficients among the factors affection forage quality and mineral concentrations were also observed. Evidently, 75 and 45% of the minerals in grasses and legumes was positively correlated to CP and IVDMD, respectively. Moreover, 55, 80 and 75% of the forage minerals was negatively correlated to NDF, ADF and ADL fraction, respetively, implying that most of the minerals reside in the non-structural cell components.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.19-23
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• 1995

Cotyledon and leaf development of six important forage legums were compared to study their contribution to the seedling growth, Cotyledons of forage legumes expanded their size rapidly during one week maximum size was reached and entered senescence. Larger seeds produced greater colyledon area, and speed of colyledon expansion was closely associated with seedling growth. Earlier onset leaf production and earlier leaf development were major determinant factor initial seedling growth. Alfalfa and red clover which have larger seeds were good in seedling vigor with larger photosynthetic area. Alsike clover and white clover with small seeds showed also good seedling vigor, as they developed leaves early with relatively high photosynthetic rate. On the other hand, though lespedeza has heavy seeds, its seedling vigor was very poor with slow photosynthetic area development and low photosynthetic rate.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.611-615
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• 1992

Problems with maintaining service and equipment in some developing countries suggest that the rumen bag technique may be more appropriate for the determination of plant dry matter digestibility. The technique has been adapted for use in goats in the 16-25 kg liveweight range. Reliable results were obtained for animals maintained under shelter in cages and fed on a mixed legume/grass diet. The results showed that up to 7 bags containing dried and ground (2 mm screen) plant samples (1-3 g) could be satisfactorily used in each goat. The digestibility of the legumes studied did not increase with incubation times over 48 hours, but there was an increase in the digestibility of grasses. However an incubation time of 48 hours was adapted for both legumes and grasses as it allowed more efficient work scheduling for large numbers of samples while still giving acceptable comparisons between species. Losses of material from the bags during a 6 hour soaking in water were 2-9% as fine solids and 14-21% in solution. In the method finally adapted the disappearance was measured for plant samples that were placed in Dacron mesh bags ($7{\times}14cm$, 44 micron) and 6 bags suspended in the rumen of each sheep for 48 hours.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.209-214
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• 1999

Grazing preference, voluntary dry matter intake, stocking rate and digestibility of forage were investigated or sheep grazed in mature oil palm plantations in Malaysia. Dry matter intake (DMI) was estimated using the chromium sesquioxide marker method. The sheep were allowed to graze about 5 hours/day in oil palm plantations of age ranging from 9 to 21 years old. The crude protein, crude fibre and ash contents of selected herbage were 13.1 %; 24.6 %; and 8.3 %, respectively, while the gross energy (GE) and the metabolisable energy (ME) were 16.9 and 6.0 MJ/kg DM, respectively. Broad leaf plants and grasses were normally found in plantation of all ages. Legumes and oil palm seedlings formed the smallest group in the whole mixture. Fern content increased in older plantations. Legumes, oil palm seedlings, fern, broad leaves and grasses were 0.4, 1.3, 11.4, 28.0 and 59.0 %, respectively of total herbage. Grasses showed the highest preference index followed by broad leaf plants, legumes, oil palm seedlings and ferns in that order. The DMI and the metabolisable energy intake (MEI) of sheep at 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 months of age were 64.8, 65.0, 65.3, 65.6 and 67.4 g/kg $W^{0.75}$ (p<0.05) and 0.39, 0.40, 0.40, 0.40 and 0.41 MJ/kg $W^{0.75}$, respectively. The average stocking rate was 4.3 sheep/ha. It was concluded that the performance of the sheep could be improved by increasing the daily grazing period and also by appropriate concentrate supplementation.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.1075-1080
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• 2005

The objective of this experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of various legumes in mixtures: AA mixtures(orchardgrass 40%+tall fescue 25%+Kentucky bluegrass 15%+alfalfa 20%), RC mixtures (orchardgrass 40% + tall fescue 25% + Kentucky bluegrass 15% + red clover 20%) and WC mixtures (orchardgrass 50% + tall fescue 25% + Kentucky bluegrass 15% + white clover 10%). The field trials were conducted from 2000 to 2003 at Chungnam National University in order to evaluate the dry matter yield and forage quality on different legumes in mixtures. The dry matter yield was significantly higher in WC mixtures than in other mixtures(p<0.05). In the chemical composition, the content of crude protein and dry matter digestibility were higher in WC mixtures than in other mixtures. However, the content of fibrous constituents of WC mixtures was lower than in other mixtures. The yields of crude protein dry matter and digestible dry matter were significantly higher in WC mixtures than in other mixtures. In botanical composition of alfalfa, red clover and white clover in each mixture were maintained 21%, 36% and 48% respectively, at the last cutting time in 2003. The results of this experiment indicated that WC mixtures were more effective in enhancing the DM yield and forage quality, but it needs to control the optimum botanical composition of WC.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2014

This experiment was carried out to order to determine the forage production and soil characteristics in mixtures of Italian ryegrass (IRG) and annual legumes at the riverbed. The IRG and hairy vetch mixture had the highest in fresh, dry matter (DM) as well as total digestible nutrients (TDN) yields among the forage mixtures. Further IRG and hairy vetch mixture had the highest in DM content. The crude protein (CP) content of IRG and hairy vetch mixture was the highest, Whereas non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) and TDN contents were lower compared to other mixtures. The total nitrogen (TN) of IRG and hairy vetch mixture was the highest due to high nitrogen fixation in the riverbed soil. The IRG and rape mixture was the highest in organic matter (OM) of soil. Moreover, the available $P_2O_5$ of soil in IRG and crimson clover mixtures was higher compared to other mixtures. Further, the IRG and hairy vetch mixture was the highest in cation exchange capacity (CEC) content. Therefore IRG and hairy vetch mixture is more suitable in forage mixtures due to high forage production and protein as well as high soil CEC content at the riverbed.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.167-172
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• 2007

Manure recycle is an emerging issue in agriculture in Korea these days. Farmers are keeping eye on legume mixture with grasses for nitrogen fixation and transfer to companion crops by legumes. We had a trial to investigate the effect of different legume mixtures on nitrogen fixation and transfer in spring soil. The treatment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Three different mixtures were used(rye+hairy vetch, Italian ryegrass+crimson clover, oat+pea) and sowed in pots with paddy soil from western part of Korea(Seo Chon County). Pots with rye+vetch were transplanted from field of RDA(rural development administration) in Suwon on 2 February 2007 and other mixture treatments were sowed on early March with different sowing rate(7:3=Italian:crimson, 6:4=oat:pea). $(^{15}NH_4)_2SO_4$ solution at. $99.8\;atom%^{15}N$ was applied to the each pot at the rate of $2kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$. Application was done on 6 April at rye+vetch pots and remainder were applied on April 16. Forage were harvested from each pot at ground level in heading stage and separated into legume and grass. Total N content and $^{15}N$ value were determined using a continuous flow stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry. DM yield of rye+vetch, Italian+crimson and oat+pea were 6,607, 3,213 and 4,312 kg/ha, respectively. Proportion of N from fixation was 0.73(rye+vetch), 0.42(Italian+crimson) and 0.93(oat+pea). The percentages of N transfer from legume to grass were from 61% to 24% in different method by treatment and -35% to 21% in isotope dilution method.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.50-55
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• 1983

Effects of nitrogen applied to grown alone and in mixture with grass and legumes of forage crops on the yield of dry matter, absorptivity, and the amount of nitrogen fixation were studied using $^{15}N$ ammonium sulfate. 1. The amount of nitrogen fixation in legume was decreased in order of alfalfa > red clover > birdsfoot trefoil, and red clover gave highest soil-nitrogen dependency. 2. Fertilizer nitrogen for the yield of dry matter was highly effective only in orchardgrass, and effective at the early stages of alfalfa and birdsfoot trefoil in case of a mixed sowing. 3. Alone and mixed sewings showed the yield of dry matter in decreasing order of alfalfa > red clover > orchardgrass > birdsfoot trefoil and orchardgrass + alfalfa > orchardgrass + red clover > orchardgrass + birdsfoot trefoil, respectively. 4. The plot of with nitrogen showed greater nitrogen uptake than the plot of without-nitrogen throughout the plots. In case of grown alone, however, difference in the absorptivity of various forage crops was decreased in order of alfalfa > red clover > orchardgrass > birdsfoot trefoil. 5. Regardless of nitrogen application, nitrogen uptake amount of orchardgrass was higher in the plot of mixture then in the plot grown alone, except the with nitrogen plot of red clover grown in mixture at the ratio of 3 : 7.