• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.52 no.5
• /
• pp.555-559
• /
• 2020

In order to examine the toxicity of palatinose-L (Pal-L) bioconverted from sucrose, we performed a 14-consecutive day toxicity study with male and female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. We recorded clinical signs of toxicity, body weight, organ weights, hematology, blood biochemical, urinalysis, histological changes in organs, such as the liver and kidneys, and clinical chemistry analysis data for all SD rats. There were no significant changes in food/water consumption, body weight, and organ weights during the experimental period. Although there were some hematologic and urinalysis alterations, these changes were not considered toxicologically significant. In addition, histopathological examination of the liver and kidneys revealed no abnormal or toxicological changes between the control and Pal-L-treated rats of both sexes. Collectively, these results suggest that Pal-L was not indicated to have any toxicity in the SD rats when it was orally administered up to a dose of 1,000 mg/kg/day for 14 days.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.41 no.11
• /
• pp.1534-1539
• /
• 2012

This study was conducted to evaluate the possible subacute toxicity of gamma-irradiated Tarakjuk. Tarakjuk was irradiated at a dose of 30 kGy at room temperature. For the animal study, AIN-93G as a control diet and 30 kGy irradiated and non-irradiated Tarakjuk diets were administered to male and female ICR mice (10 mice per group) for 3 months. During the experimental period, the group fed 30 kGy irradiated Tarakjuk did not show any changes in appearance, behavior, mortality, body weight, organ weight, or food consumption compared to control. Further, all biochemical parameters were in normal ranges. In the histopathological examination of liver and kidney tissues of ICR mice, there were no significant differences between the control and 30 kGy irradiated Tarakjuk groups. These results indicate that Tarakjuk irradiated at 30 kGy did not cause any toxic effects under these experimental conditions.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
• /
• v.3 no.3
• /
• pp.165-171
• /
• 2007

Mitomycin C (MMC), an antitumor antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus, is used in chemotherapy of gastric, bladder and colorectal cancer. MMC is activated in vivo to alkylate and crosslink DNA, via G-G interstrand bonds, thereby inhibiting DNA synthesis and transcription. This study investigates gene expression changes in response to MMC treatment in order to elucidate the mechanisms of MMC-induced toxicity. MMC was admistered with single dose (0.32 and 1.6 ${\mu}M$) to TK6 cells. Applied Biosystem's DNA chips were used for identifying the gene expression profile by MMC-induced toxicity. We identified up- or down-regulated 90 genes including cyclin M2, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (p21, cip1), programmed cell death 1, tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 9, et al. The regulated genes by MMC associated with the biological pathways apoptosis signaling pathway. Further characterization of these candidate markers related to the toxicity will be useful to understand the detailed mechanism of action of MMC.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.802-808
• /
• 1999

An rat liver enzyme test was carried out in order to investigate preventing effect of selested amino acids and some food extracts on ethanol induced liver toxicity in vitro. Solutions of aspartic acid, arginine, glutamic acid were prepared and treated on ethanol treated rat liver preparation. Protective effect of amino acids on lipid peroxidation was determined. Same experiments were conducted using aqueous extracts of Dried soybean sprout, Dried Alaskan pollack and Ganoderma lucidum. The TBA value indicating the lipid peroxidation decreased significantly (p<0.05) by addition of aspartate, glutamate and arginine, repectively at concentrations of $6.25{\sim}50\;{\mu}g/mL$. Similar results were observed by adding the aqueous extracts of Soybean sprout, dried Alaskan pollack and Ganoderma lucidum. The aqueous extracts added after ethanol treatment presemted more effect than added before the treatment.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.109-114
• /
• 2013

We compared the preventive capacity of high intakes of vitamin C (VC) and vitamin E (VE) on oxidative stress and liver toxicity in rats fed a low-fat ethanol diet. Thirty-two Wistar rats received the low fat (10% of total calories) Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet as follows: either ethanol alone (Alc group, 36% of total calories) or ethanol in combination with VC (Alc + VC group, 40 mg VC/100 g body weight) or VE (Alc + VE group, 0.8 mg VE/100 g body weight). Control rats were pair-fed a liquid diet with the Alc group. Ethanol administration induced a modest increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), conjugated dienes (CD), and triglycerides but decreased total radical-trapping antioxidant potential (TRAP) in plasma. VE supplementation to alcohol-fed rats restored the plasma levels of AST, CD, and TRAP to control levels. However, VC supplementation did not significantly influence plasma ALT, AST, or CD. In addition, a significant increase in plasma aminothiols such as homocysteine and cysteine was observed in the Alc group, but cysteinylglycine and glutathione (GSH) did not change by ethanol feeding. Supplementing alcohol-fed rats with VC increased plasma GSH and hepatic S-adenosylmethionine, but plasma levels of aminothiols, except GSH, were not influenced by either VC or VE supplementation in ethanol-fed rats. These results indicate that a low-fat ethanol diet induces oxidative stress and consequent liver toxicity similar to a high-fat ethanol diet and that VE supplementation has a protective effect on ethanol-induced oxidative stress and liver toxicity.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.5 no.6
• /
• pp.520-526
• /
• 2011

Folate deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia are found in most patients with alcoholic liver disease. Oxidative stress is one of the most important mechanisms contributing to homocysteine (Hcy)-induced tissue injury. However it has not been examined whether exogenous administration of folic acid attenuates oxidative stress and hepatic toxicity. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vivo effect of folic acid supplementation on oxidative stress and hepatic toxicity induced by chronic ethanol consumption. Wistar rats (n = 32) were divided into four groups and fed 0%, 12%, 36% ethanol, or 36% ethanol plus folic acid (10 mg folic acid/L) diets. After 5 weeks, chronic consumption of the 36% ethanol diet significantly increased plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) (P < 0.05) and aspartate transaminase (AST) (P < 0.05), triglycerides (TG) (P < 0.05), Hcy (P < 0.001), and low density lipoprotein conjugated dienes (CD) (P < 0.05) but decreased total radical-trapping antioxidant potential (TRAP) (P < 0.001). These changes were prevented partially by folic acid supplementation. The 12% ethanol diet had no apparent effect on most parameters. Plasma Hcy concentration was well correlated with plasma ALT (r = $0.612^{**}$), AST (r = $0.652^*$), CD (r = $0.495^*$), and TRAP (r = $-0.486^*$). The results indicate that moderately elevated Hcy is associated with increased oxidative stress and liver injury in alcohol-fed rats, and suggests that folic acid supplementation appears to attenuate hepatic toxicity induced by chronic ethanol consumption possibly by decreasing oxidative stress.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.44 no.1
• /
• pp.29-34
• /
• 2015

The objective of this study was to obtain data on the safety-in-use of nano calcium as a dietary supplement by assessing its acute and subacute oral toxicities in female and male Sprague-Dawley rats. A single oral dose of 5,000 mg/kg of nano calcium did not result in mortality or significant changes in the general behavior and gross appearance of the internal organs of rats. For subacute toxicity study, nano calcium was administered orally at a dose of 1,000 mg/kg daily for 14 days. There were no significant differences in organ weights between control and treated groups of both sexes. Hematological analysis and blood chemistry revealed no toxic effects of nano calcium. Pathologically, neither gross abnormalities nor histopathological changes were observed. These results show that nano calcium possesses very low toxicity as indicated in a rat model.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.547-557
• /
• 2016

This review discusses the status, antimicrobial mechanisms, application, and regulation of natural preservatives in livestock food systems. Conventional preservatives are synthetic chemical substances including nitrates/nitrites, sulfites, sodium benzoate, propyl gallate, and potassium sorbate. The use of artificial preservatives is being reconsidered because of concerns relating to headache, allergies, and cancer. As the demand for biopreservation in food systems has increased, new natural antimicrobial compounds of various origins are being developed, including plant-derived products (polyphenolics, essential oils, plant antimicrobial peptides (pAMPs)), animal-derived products (lysozymes, lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin, ovotransferrin, antimicrobial peptide (AMP), chitosan and others), and microbial metabolites (nisin, natamycin, pullulan, ε-polylysine, organic acid, and others). These natural preservatives act by inhibiting microbial cell walls/membranes, DNA/RNA replication and transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolism. Natural preservatives have been recognized for their safety; however, these substances can influence color, smell, and toxicity in large amounts while being effective as a food preservative. Therefore, to evaluate the safety and toxicity of natural preservatives, various trials including combinations of other substances or different food preservation systems, and capsulation have been performed. Natamycin and nisin are currently the only natural preservatives being regulated, and other natural preservatives will have to be legally regulated before their widespread use.

• The Korean Journal of Food & Health Convergence
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.13-17
• /
• 2024

Oxygen is necessary to sustain life, but reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by oxygen metabolism can cause mutations and toxicity. ROS can damage cellular macromolecules, leading to oxidative stress, which can accelerate cell death and aging. ROS generated in food affect the taste, color, and aroma of food, and high levels of ROS in meat can cause spoilage. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) plays an important role in scavenging ROS in food and reducing their toxicity to organisms. SOD exerts its antioxidant effect by catalyzing the breakdown of O₂-• to H₂O₂. As a natural antioxidant, SOD has the ability to regenerate and maintain its activity over a long period of time without depletion, unlike chemical antioxidants that may have side effects or stability issues. This antioxidant effect of SOD has great potential in a variety of industries, and in the food industry it can be utilized to improve product quality and provide safe and healthy products to consumers. By disrupting the SOD2 and SOD3 genes in Candida albicans, we studied the effects of SOD2 and SOD3 genes on the antioxidant system, suggesting its potential as a natural antioxidant.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.111-116
• /
• 1994

The acute toxicity of orally administered Yan-Sheng health liquid (YSHL), water extracts from twelve Chinese drugs (Cervi Cornu, Lonicerae Flos, Foeniculi Fructus, Glycyrrhizae Radix, Liriopis Tuber, Raphani Semen, Bombyx, Ginseng Radix alba, Cinnamomi loureirii Cortex, Epimedii Herba, Zingiberis Rhizoma, Lycii Fructus) was evaluated in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats and ICR mice. Rats and mice aging 5 weeks were gavaged with 0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.4, 6.7, 10.0, 66.7, or 100.0 ml/kg of YSHL. No animal died by oral treatment and no toxic symptom was observed in the treated animals during 5 days. The body weight of the treated animals was not significantly different from the controls. The results of macroscopic examination on the organs of the treated animals revealed no abnormal findings. Therefore, it was concluded that YSHL was practically non-toxic when it was orally administered to rats and mice, and its LD50 was suspected to be greater than 100 ml/kg in rats and mice.