• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.818-826
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• 2013

To reduce the production cost of Lactobacillus, discarded red ginseng starch was collected from a factory of red ginseng extract in order to develop the Lactobacillus culture medium. According to the analysis of the gensenoside composition of red ginseng starch, the total gensenoside content of starch was 2.73 mg/g, and the gensenoside $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$ and $Rg_3$ contents were 0.1, 0.29 and 0.52 mg/g, respectively. For the preparation of the liquid media, red ginseng starch was added at rates of 0, 5, 10 and 20%. Further, Lactobacillus plantarum 15357 and Leuconostoc mesenteroides sub sp. strains were then inoculated to these prepared broths. With the red ginseng starch medium, the growth rates ($1.42{\times}10^7$ and $2.96{\times}10^{10}$ CFU/mL) and the final cell concentrations were higher than the MM medium ($1.0{\times}10^7$ CFU/mL). The optimal concentration of red ginseng starch and yeast extract as a medium were 20% and 10 g/L, respectively. Under these conditions, the cell mass of L. plantarum 15357 and L. mesenteroides sub sp. reached $5.11{\times}10^{10}$ and $8.17{\times}10^{10}$ CFU/mL. These results show a great possibility for the utilization of red ginseng starch as economic medium sources in the production of cell mass of lactic acid bacteria. This is the first trial of development of economic LAB growth medium using discarded red ginseng starch.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.603-622
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• 2012

The population aged 95 years and older in Seoul approximately increased to five-fold over the past 10 years, while nationwide rates increased to three-fold. In order to examine the dietary habit and nutritional status of oldest-old population living in Seoul, we recruited 87 subjects (25 males and 62 females) aged 95 years and older. The prevalence of underweight (BMI < 18.5 $kg/m^2$) and obesity (BMI ${\geq}25kg/m^2$) were 18.2% and 18.2% in males, and 20.8% and 9.4% in females, respectively. In self-assessment of health, only 25.3% answered to be unhealthy. More males exercised regularly and reported a wide range of activities than females. The average of %Kcal from carbohydrate, protein and fat (C : P : F) was 64.9 : 13.8 : 21.2 in males and 68.1 : 14.2 : 17.7 in females. The average daily energy intake was 1,307 kcal in males and 1,304 kcal in females. More than 75% of subjects were taking under estimated average requirements (EAR) for vitamin $B_1$, $B_2$ & C and Ca. The average of mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was 0.66 in males and 0.70 in females, and 28.8% of males and 12.9% of females were in MAR < 0.50. Based on MAR, 32.0% of males and 14.5% females were classified as normal and 16.0% of males and 25.8% of females were classified as malnourished. Our subjects were taking more animal food, especially milk and its products, compared to those living, in rural areas. However, a significant proportion did not meet the EAR for vitamin $B_1$, $B_2$ & C and Ca.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.518-523
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• 2014

There are multiple experiments conducted with male Korean native ducks (KND) to evaluate the optimal levels of limiting amino acids (AA). In Exp. 1, a total of 450 one-d-old male KNDs were divided into five groups with six replicates and fed experimental diets with varying levels of lysine, total sulfur amino acids (TSAA) and threonine (T1, 0.90/0.74/0.70%; T2, 1.00/0.82/0.77%; T3, 1.10/0.90/0.85%; T4, 1.20/0.98/0.93%; T5, 1.30/1.07/1.01%) to 21 d of age. In Exp. 2, one-d-old male KND were received and fed commercial starter diet from hatching to 21 d of age, and then divided into five groups with six replicates and fed one of five diets varying levels of lysine, TSAA, and threonine (T1, 0.73/0.62/0.54%; T2, 0.80/0.68/0.60%; T3, 0.87/0.74/0.65%; T4, 0.94/0.80/0.70%; T5, 1.01/0.86/0.75%) during 22 to 56 d of age, respectively. The BW gain was linearly increased as dietary limiting AA levels increased to 1.20% lysine, 0.98% TSAA and 0.93% threonine. There were no significant differences in feed intake, gain:feed and uniformity among groups. In Exp. 2, the BW gain and gain:feed were not affected by dietary limiting AA levels. There were no significant differences in carcass characteristics and meat quality among groups. The growth performance and carcass characteristics did not show the significant response to increasing dietary limiting AA levels in KND during 22 to 56 d of age. In conclusion, the levels of lysine, TSAA and threonine necessary to maximize growth for starter phase were at least 1.20%, 0.98%, and 0.93%, respectively. On the other hands, KND require relatively low levels of limiting AA for late growth and carcass yield. The dietary levels of 0.73% lysine, 0.62% TSAA and 0.54% threonine appear to be adequate during growing phase.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.763-771
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• 2020

Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) generally has a good safety profile and contains many bioactive substances, such as ginsenosides or panaxosides. Korean red ginseng might help to stabilize the sympathetic nervous system and improve cognition in individuals. Soft red ginseng is produced by new processing technology. This study focused on investigating whether soft red ginseng produced under the new processing technology reduces or improves the existing antioxidant effects. No significant difference in 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) scavenging activity was found between soft red ginseng and ready-made red ginseng (p<0.05). Soft red ginseng extract showed higher 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical (OH) scavenging activity than other ginseng extracts. OH scavenging activity was significantly different across three groups (raw ginseng, soft red ginseng, and red ginseng sap) (p<0.05). Nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity was also significantly different among raw ginseng, soft red ginseng, and purchased red ginseng liquid products (p<0.05). Many calcium crystals appeared on the electron microscope in soft red ginseng. Magnesium and potassium showed no significant difference between soft red ginseng and hard red ginseng. The extract of soft red ginseng scavenged different free radicals efficiently due to the presence of DPPH and OH and may help treat free radical-induced diseases.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.791-797
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• 2020

Maqui berry are known as one of the "superfoods" and can purportedly improve health. The effects of orally administered maqui berry extract on biological parameters such as serum lipids and blood cells in healthy subjects were investigated in rats in vivo for 2 weeks. Possible causes of harmful effects on liver and kidney function were also examined. After oral administration of maqui berry extract, levels of serum triglyceride (TG) were decreased to almost 30% less from the control, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was increased to 18% more; thus, serum lipids profile seemed to be improved. The administration of maqui berry extract increased red blood cell concentration by 10% from the control, while both the hemoglobin and the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were increased by 12%. Maqui berry extract also increased the concentration of serum total proteins by 30% of the control and that suggests protein metabolism might be improved. Moreover, maqui berry decreased serum levels of glutamin oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamin pyruvate transaminase (GPT) by 12% from the control group so maqui berry improved liver function. This study suggests that oral administration of maqui berry extract may be helpful to improve those heath parameters like serum lipids profile, red blood cell level, liver protection. It would also be very useful for the development of high value products such as functional foods and pharmaceutics in the future.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.39-49
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• 1999

Curd yoghurts were manufactured by addition of chestnuts and walnuts which were special agricultural products in Chungnam area. The nut powders were added to the yoghurts in the given concentration of 1~4%. The yoghurts after 12 hours fermentation were examined for pH, acidity, cell counts of lactic acid bacteria, viscosity, chemical composition and sensory test and preservation of yoghurts. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. The chestnut powder decreased pH, whereas increased acidity in yoghurts, however, the walnut powder did not change significantly for pH and acidity in yoghurts. 2. The cell counts of lactic acid bacteria was higher for 2% chestnut powder yoghurt ($2.6{\times}10^9/ml$) than 2% walnut powder yoghurt ($1.7{\times}10^9/ml$) and control yoghurt. 3. The viscosity of yoghurt was higher for 4% chestnut powder yoghurt (3,225 centipoise) than control (1,638 centipoise) and 4% walnut powder yoghurt (2,010 centipoise). 4. The protein content of yoghurts were 3.99% for both 2% chestnut powder and 2% walnut powder yoghurts, and solid-non-fat contents of yoghurt were 15.10% for chestnut powder yoghurt and 13.65% walnut powder yoghurt. 5. The scores of sensory tests were higher in chestnut powder yoghurt for tastes, odor and texture, and in walnut powder yoghurt for tastes, odor and texture compared to control yoghurt. 6. When yoghurts were stored at $5^{\circ}C$ for 14 days for preservation test, the acidity and number of lactic acid bacteria were not changed significantly.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.369-381
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• 2011

Ginseng in Korea has not only the big production value but also till a good reputation from overseas in the name of 'Korea Ginseng'. Having spread rapidly nationwide from 2000 year, its production keeps on increasing but its consumption becomes lazy and its price is also falling down because of comsumer's concern about mainly overusing pesticide for ginseng. In order to cope with this problem, the government introduced the GAP certification system to ginseng in 2006 to reflect consumer's needs for food safety. This system will be a good opportunity to promote ginseng consumption dramatically. In this aspect it is very important to know how well this system is established and how ginseng farmers build marketing strategies to draw new wind in the market. This study was carried out to look over the GAP certified ginseng system and show its marketing strategies using 4P's(product, place, promotion and price). The main results are as follows. GAP ginseng system currently has some weaknesses such as lack of systematic certification management and after-service, nonrealistic certification fee and poor linkage from production to consumption. In the marketing mix strategies, product strategy suggests that the most desirable appearance be transplanted ginseng filled with branch roots and 4 to 5 year-ginseng, and it is necessary to choose multi-brand strategy divided for present into for self-sufficiency and family brand strategy by use if its brand enlarges to processed products in the future. In the place strategy, 3 stages like 'producer group' - 'GAP certified facility' - 'sales shop' are based as the physical marketing channel according to traceability, and connected with giant retail market and environment friendly stand, and if its sales volume enlarges, it should be considered the GAP ginseng specialized marketplace which is a type of chain store. In the promotion strategy, the promotion of government level is necessary at first and producer alliances require the promotion targeting at the group of women under 40 with differentiation from price, quality, and safety. In the price strategy, the early stage-high price strategy which sets 20~25% higher for self-sufficiency and 30~35% for present is desirable.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.19
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• pp.8509-8519
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• 2014

Many studies have found links between diet and cancer. The summary estimates of the association between dietary factors and cancer risk were investigated using previously reported studies of the Korean population. Gastric cancer risk was inversely associated with the high intake of soy foods [OR (95% CI): 0.32 (0.25-0.40) for soybean, 0.56 (0.45-0.71) for soybean curd, and 0.67 (0.46-0.98) for soymilk], allium vegetables [OR (95% CI): 0.37 (0.26-0.53) for green onion, 0.54 (0.40-0.73) for garlic, and 0.54 (0.35-0.85) for onion], fruits [OR (95% CI): 0.61 (0.42-0.88)], and mushrooms [OR (95% CI): 0.43 (0.21-0.88)]. Salt and Kimchi were associated with an increased gastric cancer risk [OR (95% CI): 1.92 (1.52-2.43) and 2.21 (1.29-3.77), respectively]. Colorectal cancer risk was positively associated with meat intake [OR (95% CI): 1.25 (1.15-1.36)]. Total soy products, soybean curd, and soymilk showed an inverse association with breast cancer risk [OR (95% CI): 0.61 (0.38-0.99), 0.47 (0.34-0.66), and 0.75 (0.57-0.98), respectively]. Green/yellow and light colored vegetables were associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer [OR (95% CI): 0.34 (0.23-0.49) and 0.44 (0.21-0.90), respectively]. Mushroom intake was inversely associated in pre-menopausal women only [OR (95% CI): 0.47 (0.26-0.86)]. In conclusion, soy foods, fruits and vegetables might reduce cancer risk in the Korean population. High salt food might be risk factor for gastric cancer, and intake of high amount of meat might cause colorectal cancer.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.569-586
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• 2017

We inoculated a spent mushroom substrate from Flammulina velutipes (SMSF) with a microbial additive and assessed the effects on chemical composition, ruminal fermentation parameters, and total-tract nutrient digestibility. In Exp. 1, three cannulated Hanwoo steers were used in an in situ trial to determine the degradation kinetics of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP). In Exp. 2, three Hanwoo steers were randomly assigned to experimental diets according to a $3{\times}3$ Latin square for a 3-week period (2 weeks for adaptation and 1 week for sample collection). Experimental diets included the control diet (3.75 kg/d formulated concentrate mixture + 1.25 kg/d rice straw), SMSF diet (3.19 kg/d formulated concentrate mixture + 1.25 kg/d rice straw + 0.56 kg/d SMSF), and inoculated SMSF (ISMSF) diet (3.19 kg/d formulated concentrate mixture + 1.25 kg/d rice straw + 0.56 kg/d ISMSF). The chemical composition of ISMSF did not differ from that of SMSF. Microbial additive inoculation decreased pH (P<0.05) and improved preservation for SMSF. The percentages of DM, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) in ISMSF were slightly lesser than those in SMSF. Ruminal fermentation characteristics and total-tract nutrient digestibility were not affected by diet. Overall, microbial additive inoculation improved preservation for SMSF and may allow improved digestion in the rumen; however, the total digestible nutrients (TDN) of SMSF and ISMSF diets were slightly lesser than the control diet. The ISMSF can be used as an alternative feedstuff to partially replace formulated concentrate feed.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.705-712
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Dietary guidelines for Korean children were released in 2009. The goal of the present study was to examine diet quality in terms of adherence to these dietary guidelines as well as explore the association between guideline adherence and risk of obesity in Korean children. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Children aged 5-11 years (mean age = 8.9 years old, n = 191, 80.6% girls) were recruited from a university hospital in Seoul, Korea. Adherence to dietary guidelines for Korean children was calculated using the Likert scale (1-5), and children were then categorized into low, moderate, and high groups based on adherence scores. Obesity or being overweight was determined based on an age- and gender-specific percentile for body mass index (BMI) of the 2007 Korean National Growth Charts. Diet quality was evaluated from 3 days of dietary intake data. RESULTS: Children in the high adherence group were characterized by significantly lower BMI percentiles and paternal BMIs as well as higher percentages of fathers with a high level of education and higher household incomes compared to those in the low or moderate group. Children in the high adherence group consumed significantly higher amounts of milk and dairy products, were less likely to consume lower than the EAR of phosphorus and iron, and had higher NARs for calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, and MAR than those in low groups. The ORs for obesity ($BMI{\geq}95^{th}$ percentile) or being overweight including obesity ($BMI{\geq}85^{th}$ percentile) were significantly lower in the high adherence group compared to the low adherence group (OR: 0.33, 95% CI = 0.13-0.82, P for trend = 0.019; OR: 0.26, 95% CI: 0.11-0.61 P for trend = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Korean children who adhered to dietary guidelines displayed better diet quality and a reduced risk of obesity.