• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.694-699
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• 2009

The antimutagenic activities of ethanol extracts of Korean and American propolis were tested using Salmonella Typhimurium TA98 with two indirect mutagens of 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido [4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-1) and 2-aminoanthracene (2-AA) with S9 mix. Additionally, their antimicrobial activities against acne-related pathogenic strains of Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus Epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were evaluated using both paper disk method and agar dilution method. Ethanol extracts of Korean and American propolis showed strong inhibitory effects, in a dose dependant manner, against the mutagenicities induced by Trp-P-1 and 2-AA. The antimutagenic effect of ethanol extracts of Korean propolis showed significantly higher protective activity than that of American propolis against the Trp-P-1 induced mutagenicity of S. Typhimurium TA98 at the lower concentration ($1-10\;{\mu}g$), but significantly lower protective activity at the higher concentration ($50-200\;{\mu}g$). The antimutagenic effect of ethanol extract of Korean propolis showed significantly higher protective activity than that of American propolis against the 2-AA induced mutagenicity at the concentration of $1\;{\mu}g$, but significantly lower protective activity than that of the American at the higher concentration ($50-200\;{\mu}g$). Both extracts showed strong antimicrobial activities against all the acne-related pathogens tested, with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values in the range $1,500-5,000\;{\mu}g/mL$.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.77-85
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• 2006

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-$\rho$-dioxin(TCDD) displays high toxicity in animals and has been implicated in human carcinogenesis. Although TCDD is recognized as potent carcinogens, relatively little is known about their role in the tumor promotion and carcinogenesis. It is known that TCDD can increase of cancer risk from various types of tissue by a mechanism possibly involving the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation. In this study, effects of TCDD on cellular proliferation of normal human skin and lung fibroblasts, Detroit551 and WI38 cells were investigated. In addition, to enhance our understanding of TCDD-mediated carcinogenesis, we have investigated process in which expression of Erk1/2, cyclinD1, oncogene such as Ha-ras and c-myc, and their cognate signaling pathway. TCDD that are potent activators of AhR-mediated activity was found to induce significant increase of cytochrome P4501A1 mRNA expression, suggesting a presence of functional AhR. These results support that CYP1A1 enzyme may be involved in the generation of TCDD-induced toxicity. Moreover mitogen-activated protein kinases (MARKs) phosphorylation and cyclin D1 overexpression are induced by TCDD, which corresponded with the progression of cellular proliferation. However, TCDD did not affected Ha-ras and c-myc mRNA expression. Taken together, it seems that TCDD are could be a part of cellular proliferation in non-tumorigenic normal human cells such as Detroit551 and WI38 cells through the upregulation of MAPKs signaling pathway regulating growth of cell population. Therefore, AhR-activating TCDD could potentially contribute to tumor promotion and Detroit551 and WI38 cells have been used as a detection system of tumorigenic effects of TCDD.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.417-423
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• 2000

Lactobacillus plantarum KLAB21 isolated from Kimchi has been reported to produce antimutagenic subtance(s) in the culture medium. In this study, antimutagenic effects of the strain KLAB21 were investigated to under various culture conditions maximize the production of antimutagenic substance(s) against N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine(MNNG) on Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide(NQO) on S. typhimurium TA98. Glucose(2%) as a carbon source and yeast extract(1%) as a nitrogen source resulted in the highest production of the antimutagenic substance(s) against both mutagens in the culture supernatant of L. plantarum KLAB21. The most effective concentrations of bactopeptone as a nitrogen source were 1% against MNNG and 1.5% against NQO. Optimal pH of the medium, culture temperature, and shaking speed for the antimutagenic substance(s) production were pH 7.0, $37^{\circ}C$ and 150 rpm, respectively. Under the optimal condition, the antimutagenic effects of L. plantarum KLAB21 culture supernatant were 98.4% against MNNG on S. typhimurium TA100 and 57.3% against NQO on S. typhimurium TA98.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.439-446
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• 2001

Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. cremoris DLAB19 were investgated under various culture conditions to maximize the production of antimutagenic substance(s) against N-methyl-N\`-nitro-N-nitrosoguandine(MNNG) on Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium TA100 and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide(4-NQO) on S. enterica serovar typhimurium TA98. The MRS medium containing glucose (2%) as a carbon source and yeasty extract (1%) as a nitrogen source resulted in the highest production of the antimutagenic substance(s) against both mutagens in the culture supernatant of Leu. mesenteroides subsp. cremoris DLAB19. Optimal pH of the culture medium, culture temperature and shaking speed for the antimutagenic substance(s) production were pH 7.0, 3$0^{\circ}C$ and 150 rpm, respectively. Under the optimal condition, the antimutagenic effects of Leu. mesenteroides subsp. cremoris DLAB19 culture supernatant were 96.4% against MNNG on S.enterica serovar typhimurium TA100 and 53.8% against 4-NQO on S. enterica serovar typhimurium TA98.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.128-136
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• 2004

CYP1A1 is known to be inducible by xenobiotic compouds such as polyciclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin(TCDD). These chemicals have been identified worldwide and can have a significant impact on the human health and well being of human and wildlife. Given these issues, the detection and quantification of these chemicals in biological, environmental and food samples is important. First, we investigated the effect of on CYP1A1 promoter activity, 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase(EROD) activity and CYP1A1 mRNA expression induced by benzo(k)fluoranthene(B(k)F) in MCF-7 cells. We found that B(k)F significantly up-regulates the level of CYP1A1 prompter activity, EROD and CYP1A1 mRNA. When cells were treated with genistein, it was not changed that EROD and CYP1A1 mRNA, compared to that of control. However, genistein inhibited the B(k)F-induced CYP1A1 promoter activity and mRNA level at high concentration. Furthermore, in this study, effects of HDAC(histone deacetvlase) inhibitors on human prostate cancer cells proliferation were examined. HC-toxin, SAHA and TSA inhibited cell proliferation in PC3 cells. A novel HDAC inhibitor, IN2001 also suppressed the growth of PC3 cells. And IN2001 and SAHA increased S phase and G2/M phase at 12 hrs treatment but cells were arrested G0/G1 phase at 45 hrs treatment. The HC-toxin treatment for 24 hrs and 48 hrs increased G0/G1 at low concentration ($0.1\mu\textrm{m}$) but increased G2/M at more than concentration of $1\mu\textrm{m}$. TSA increased G2/M phase. These findings height the possbility of developing HDAC inhibitors as potential anticancer therapeutic agents for the treatment of prostate cancer.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.109-116
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• 1996

To study the effect of dietary $\omega 6/\omega 3$ fatty acid ratios on the preneoplastic lesions and lipid peroxidation in rat hepatocellular chemical carcinogenesis, placental glutathione S-transferase(GST-P) positive foci area and numbers, glucose 6-phosphatase(G6Pase) activity, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were measured. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed 5 different diets-low $\omega 6/\omega 3$ ratio with fish oil (Low-F), low $\omega 6/\omega 3$ ratio with perilia oil(Low-P), moderate ratio with perilia oil(Moderate), blend of 10 different commercial fats and oils(High-BL) and high $\omega 6/\omega 3$ ratio(High)-for 8 weeks. Hepatocarcinogenesis was induced by modified Ito model. The area of GST-P positive loci was the lowest in Moderate group and in ascending order of Low-F < Low-P < High-BL < High. But statistically, only Moderate and High groups were significantly different. The number of GST-P positive foci showed the same trend as foci area. The activities of G6Pase, membrane stability marker, were increased as $\omega 6/\omega 3$ ratio decreased. Lipid peroxidation values (TBARS) were the lowest in Low-F group and it is significantly different from Moderate, High-BL and High groups. When dietary $\omega 6/\omega 3$ ratio was moderate(4.06), hepatocarcinogenesis was suppressed compared with high or low $\omega 6/\omega 3$ ratios. Blend fat, commonly consumed among Koreans, did not show any suppressive effect on carcinogenesis because of high ratio(6.7). These results suggest that dietary $\omega 6/\omega 3$ ratio influences hepatocellular chemical carcinogenesis. It is recommended that appropriate $\omega 6/\omega 3$ ratio should be around 4.0. and we recommend to use more $\omega 3$ fatty acid in food preparation to reduce the risk of hepatocarcinogenesis.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.152-155
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• 2000

Cultural Conditions for the Improvement in Gibberellic Acid Productivity by a Mutant of Gibberellafujikuroi ATCC 12616-Gibberella fujikuroi G-36 . Dh, Young-Jun. Department of Food and Biotechnolog}'r Dongshm Umversity, Naju 520-714, Korea - A mutant Gibberella jujih/roi G- 36 was selected by metagenesis of G/bberella fitjikuroi ATCC 12616 with mutagens such as N-methy1-N'~nitro~N"nitrosoguanidine and hydroxylamine for improving productivity of gibberellic acid. The mutant strain produced gibberellic acid (70 mg/l) more than that of wilde type. A fermentation medium containing glucose, $NH_4N0_3$, $MgS0_4$, $KH_2P0_4$ and trace elements was deve]oped for the maximal production of a gibberellic acid by the mutanL The Guctuating cultural temperature that was vaded from 300e to 20DC resulted in higher GA yield than that of fixed cu1tura] temperature at $28^{\circ}C$.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.13-21
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• 1988

Mutagenic actions of aflatoxin B$_1$ (AFB$_1$) in the presence of various concentrations of L-ascorbIc acid (AA) in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 100 and TA98 were studied. Spontaneous revertants per plate of the tester strains TA100 and TA98 were 121-125 and 25-30 with or without S9 mix, respectively. The negative controls used in the study did not show any mutagenesis in the tester strains. AFB$_1$ revealed strong mutagenicity at the dose levels of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.25 ${\mu}$g/plate with metabolic activation system in both strains. However, it showed a toxic effect when the levels were more than 0.5 ${\mu}$g/plate. When lower concentrations of AA (5-20 ${\mu}$g/plate) were added to AFB$_1$ in the Ames assay system with S9 mix the mutagenic action of AFB$_1$ decreased in both strains. About 70-90% of mutagenicity of AFB$_1$ disappeared in strain TA100 when 20${\mu}$g of AA was added to 0.05 ${\mu}$g of AFB$_1$. The inhibitory effect was greatly increased by the addition of higher concentrations of AA to AFB$_1$ in TA100 strain. The mutagenicity of AFB$_1$ was completely inhibited when 100 ${\mu}$g and 500 ${\mu}$g of AA were added to 0.05 ${\mu}$g and 0.1 ${\mu}$g of AFB$_1$, respectively, However, this protective effect of AA on AFB$_1$ mediated mutagenesis was less effective in TA98 strain than that in TA100.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 1996

One mechanism of free-radical production by ethanol is suggested to be through the intracellular conversion of XDH to XO by increased ratio of NADH to NAD. The major mechanism for physiological compensation of cytosolic NADH/NAD balance is the malate/aspartate shutfie. Therefore, it is important to develop the method to improve the efficiency of malate/aspartate shuttle in ethanol metabolism. In the present study, various amino acids and organic acid involved in the shuttle were tested for their functional efficiency in modulating shuttle in the ethanol-perfused rat liver. The rate of ethanol oxidation in the liver perfused with aspartate alone or aspartate in combination with pyruvate, respectively, was increased by about 10% compared to control liver, but not in the tissues perfused with glummate, cysteine or pyruvate alone. Though glummate, cysteine and pyravate did not affect the ethanol oxidation significanfiy, they showed some suppresive effect on the ethanol-induced radical generation monitored by protein carbonylation analysis. Among the tested components, aspartate is confirmed to be the most efficient as a metabolic regulator for both ethanol oxidation and ethanol-induced oxidative stress in our perfusion system. These effects of aspartate would result from NAD recycling by its supplementation through the coupled aspartate aminotransferase/malate dehydrogenase reactions and the malate-aspartate shuttle.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.17
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• pp.7479-7484
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• 2015

Diseases related to water impurities may present as major public health burdens. The present study aimed to assess the mutagenicity of drinking water from different zones of Tehran, and evaluate possible health risks through making tea with tea bags, by Ames mutagenicity test using TA 100, TA 98 and YG1029 strains. For this purpose, 450 water samples were collected over the period of July to December 2014 from 5 different zones of Tehran. Except for one sample, no mutagenic potential was detected during these two seasons and the MI scores were almost normal (${\leq}1-1.6$) in TA 100, TA 98 and YG1029 strains. Although no mutagenic effects were considered in TA 98 and TA 100 in the test samples of our three evaluated tea bag brands, one sample from a local company showed mutagenic effects in the YG1029 strain (MI=1.7-1.9 and 2) after prolonged (10-15 min.) steeping. Despite the mild mutagenic effect discovered for one of the brand, this cross sectional study showed relative safety of water samples and black tea bags in Tehran. According to the sensitivity of YG1029 to the mutagenic potential of water and black tea, even without metabolic activation by s9 fraction, this metabolizer strain could be considered as sensitive and applicable to food samples for quantitative analysis of mutagens.