• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.229-234
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• 2010

Recently, we found and analyzed vitamin $B_{12}$ in some Korean traditional plant foods which had not reported, yet. This study was to investigate vitamin $B_{12}$ intake and its dietary sources and the vitamin $B_{12}$ status in the very old elderly Koreans. We measured serum vitamin $B_{12}$ level and estimated the amounts of vitamin $B_{12}$ intake from different dietary sources in female elderly Koreans aged 85 and over who had consumed a relatively low animal traditional diet for the whole life. The average age of the subjects (n = 127) was 98.0 years (85-108 years). The assessment on energy and nutrient intake involved a one-day 24-hour recall, and serum vitamin $B_{12}$ concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay. Overall diet pattern was not different between the 85-99 yr-old group and centenarians, except centenarians were taking more dairy product. The average ratio of plant food to animal food consumption was 87.5:12.5 in weight. The average vitamin $B_{12}$ intake of our subjects was 3.2 ${\mu}g$, and 52.7% of subjects consumed under estimated average requirement, 2.0 ${\mu}g$/day. On dietary source, 67.3% of dietary vitamin $B_{12}$ was from meat, eggs and fishes and 30.6% was from plant foods, such as soybean-fermented foods, seaweeds, and kimchi. The average serum vitamin $B_{12}$ concentration was 450.5 pg/mL, and low serum vitamin $B_{12}$ (< 200 pg/mL) was found in 9.6% of subjects. Dietary vitamin $B_{12}$ intake was significantly lower in subjects with low serum vitamin $B_{12}$ (0.79 ${\mu}g$/day) than those with normal serum vitamin $B_{12}$ (3.47 ${\mu}g$/day). There were no significant difference in vitamin $B_{12}$ intake and its dietary sources and serum vitamin $B_{12}$ level between the 85-99 yr- old group and centenarians. In conclusion, several plant-origin foods including seaweed, soybean-fermented foods, and kimchi, may contribute significantly to good vitamin $B_{12}$ status in very old elderly Koreans.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.1121-1126
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• 2000

Daily variation in the serum concentrations of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I and in the plasma concentrations of thyroxine and triiodothyronine were evaluated in ewes fed 30%, 100% and 200% of theoretical maintenance energy requirements. The single daily meal has had significant effects (p<0.05) on almost all profiles. In general, serum or plasma hormone concentrations have increased after the meal, in particular at the two higher levels of energy intake. In the group submitted to the lowest level of energy intake, the consequences of the meal on circulating levels were almost imperceptible. The effects of feeding levels on serum or plasma concentrations have widely varied among hormones, not showing any objective pattern or relationship. Because these variations may affect the interpretation of these blood indicators, knowledge of daily profiles and of the effect of feed level must be considered. In order to maximize the diagnostic value of those indicators, the most suitable times for blood collection seem to be 16 h after the meal and (or) just before the meal. The collection 16 h after the meal apparently allows the characterization of a relatively steady metabolic state, intermediate between the close effects of food intake and the final phase of the intensification of body reserves mobilization. The collection just before the meal will give a good indication of the level of activity of those mobilization mechanisms.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.17 no.3 s.37
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• pp.83-96
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• 2005

To assess the food intake and diet quality of high school students who live in Chuncheon area, a dietary survey using 24-hour recall method was conducted with 318 subjects. $71.4\%$ of total food intake was in the form of plant foods and the rest on the form of animal food. Diet quality was assessed by food group pattern, dietary diversity score(DDS), and dietary variety score(DVS). When counting the major food groups consumed, $37.1\%$ of subjects had a DDS of 3 and $48.4\%$ of subjects had a DDS of 4. When investigating the consumption pattern of the major five food groups, only $14.5\%$ of subjects consumed foods from all five groups. On average, subjects habitually consumed 26.7 different foods daily, with the mean score of diet variety for males (27.3) being significantly higher than for females (25.8) . Correlation coefficients between nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) and DVS ranged from r=0.39 for vitamin $B_2$ to r=0.61 for phosphorus. NAR also improved as the number or foods or rna groups consumed increased (p<0.001). Associations between the NAR and high level of DVS was more positive than those between the NAR with DDS. When assessing the dietary quality of subjects using DDS and DVS, many people appeared not to have a desirable food intake. Therefore, to lead them to have nutritionally balanced diet, educating students and their parents on nutrients and suggesting guidelines for a desirable diet is considered to be essential so that they can intake from all of major food group and have various foods in their diet.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.342-358
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate differences of food preference and nutrient intake of students between elementary school and middle school in the same area and to provide data for better school food service. The subjects were 486 students, third to sixth grade of 3 elementary schools and first to second grade of 1 middle school in Nam jeju gun, Jeju, and the survey was conducted during June 1999. Food preference was assessed using questionnaires and 24-hour food intake was assessed using dietary record method. Data of weight and height were obtained from annual physical examination conducted at schools in May 1999. All the variables were compared among 3 groups in each gender: third and fourth grade elementary school(ES3,4), fifth and sixth grade elementary school(ES5,6), and first and second grade middle school(MS1,2). The results were summarized as follows. The average height, weight and BMI for the 3th grade boys in elementary schools met the national averages, but those of the others are below the national averages. Although general pattern of food preference looked similar among groups, food preference scores were significantly different among groups in 38 kinds foods for boys, and 27 kinds of foods for girls. MS1,2 group showed significantly lower food preference scores for most of foods as compared to those of ES3,4 and ES5,6 in both genders. Students of higher grade took more starch foods such as instant noodle, stewed rice cake and snacks. Average energy intakes of all the groups except MS1,2 girls were lower than recommended dietary allowances(RDA), and average intakes of protein, vitamins B1 and C met RDA, but the other nutrients were taken less than RDA and especially the intakes of iron, calcium and vitamins B2 were poor. Most of nutrients taken by school food service meal provided a major proportion of intakes. In conclusion, students of middle school were more particular about their foods served at school food service and marked lower food preference score than elementary school children and more conscious about their weight and appearance. These points should be reflected in planning food service menu at middle school.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.301-312
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• 1982

A series of growing and digestion trials was conducted using Sprague- Dawley weanling male rats in order to determine the effects of two protein sources (casein and ISP (isolated soyprotein) ), three protein levels (10, 20 and 30%), and two feeding patterns (ad libitum and meal feeding) on the growth, protein and energy metabolism, and body composition of rats. The total energy level of experimental diets was kept constant in 3,600 kcal ME /kg diet. The results were as follows : 1) The amount of food intake and the weight gain of meal-fed group were lower than those of ad libitum group. Though the intake of meal-fed group on 20 and 30% casein diet was only 85% of ad libitum group, it was able to gain as much as ad libitum group. 2) There were no significant differences in the food efficiency ratio (FER) and the energy efficiency (weight gain per 100 kcal GE intake) between ad libitum and meal feeding group. The FER and the energy efficiency of 20 and 30% casein diets of meal-fed group were greater than those of ad libitum group. 3) Though the gross energy intake (GE ), the digestible energy (DE) and the metabolizable energy (ME) tended to be lower at meal-fed group, the DE/GE and the ME/GE ratios for meal-fed group were the same as those for ad libitum. 4) Though meal- fed group fed less amount of nitrogen than ad libitum group, there were no differences in nitrogen balance and the retention of rats among the treatments. Actually meal-fed group retained more nitrogen than ad libitum group at the levels of 20 and 30% dietary protein. 5) After growing and digestion trials, the body composition of rats was constant among all treatments. Significantly high negative correlation coefficient (r = -0.77) was found between the body fat content and the body moisture content. Consequently, this study suggests that meal- fed group on 20 and 30% casein diets has shown more effective utilization of the ingested food and energy than ad libitum group, and increasing tendency of weight gain and the body fat deposition. Those influences of meal feeding pattern in rats were more effective on the casein diet than on the ISP diet.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.892-900
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• 1997

This study was carried out to investigate the clinical characteristics of 78 diabetics by body fat distribution pattern. It was based on the survey of nutritional status, anthropometric measurements and serum components of the patients. The results were as follows: the average ages of male and female subjects were 57.1, and that of female subjects was 58.9, respectively. The average diabetic durations of male and female subjects were 4.8 and 5.9 years, respectively. In male, the ratio of upper body obese subject was 62.5% and the lower body obese subjects was 37.5%, while those of female were 69.4% and 30.6%, respectively. In nutrient intake state, there was no significant difference between male and female subjects, but calory intake of upper body obese subjects was difference between male and female subjects, but calory intake of upper body obese subjects was tend to be higher in both male and female subjects. among the three major nutrients/calory ratio, protein/calory ratio was significantly lower in the male upper body obese subjects than in the male lower body obese subjects. Since weight, circumference of arm and waist, waist hip ratio(WHR) of both male and female subjects, body muscle mass(BMM) of male subjects and body mass index (BMI) of female subjects were significantly higher in upper body obese group, upper body obese subjects represented ore fat than lower body obese subjects. In male subjects, hemoglobin(Hb), A/G of upper body obese subjects were lower than the standard value, but there was no significant difference in the serum components between two subjects. In female subjects, Hb and A/G of lower body obese subjects were lower than those of the normal subjects, but Hb and Ht of upper body obese subjects were significantly higher than those of the lower body obese subjects.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.583-591
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to assess the diet diversity, food habit and nutrient intake of obese adults who were visiting the health promotion center. This study was accomplished with the 138 obese adults (men = 103, women= 35) aged over 20 years old whose BMI were above $25 kg/m^2$. Nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR), the number of foods (Dietary Variety Score DVS), and food group consumed (Dietary Diversity Score, DDS) by using the data from the three days record were analyzed and the food habit and lifestyle were assessed by self reporting questionnaire. The average enemy intake of men was 2150.2 kcal which was significantly higher than that of women (p < 0.05). The intake ratio of carbohydrate, protein and fat over total energy was 54.8% : 19.3% : 25.8% in men, 59.5% : 17.8% : 22.6% in women respectively. Frequency of the breakfast in a week above 4, $2{\sim}3$ time and under one time was 75.7% 10.7% and 9.7% in men 77.1%, 5.7% and 14.3% in women respectively. frequency of eating between meals in a day under one time was 73.8% in men, 57.1% in women (p < 0.05). The average DDS and DVS was $3.63{\pm}0.07$ and $14.10 {\pm}3.45$, respectively which was significantly correlated with MAR (r=0.40 in DDS, r=0.64 in DVS, p < 0.01). The most frequent style of food pattern was DMGFV = 01101 in 35% of men, and DMGFV= 01111 in 37.1% of women. Our results show that dietary diversity and variety are useful parameters far evaluating nutrient intakes in obese adults. These findings suggest that nutritional education based on obese persons' eating behavior and eating diversity may be required to increase educational efficiency of weight control programs.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.37-50
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• 2011

Nutrients intake status of 73 lactating women, that is 45 breast feeding (BF), 13 formula feeding (FF) and 15 mixed feeding (MF), living in Daejeon was investigated. Self-recorded food intakes for two weekdays and eating behaviors using questionnaires were surveyed from May to August 2008. Subjects aged $29.2{\pm}3.4$ years and their infants aged $8.2{\pm}3.2$ months. Body mass index of the subjects was $21.0{\pm}3.2$. Of the subjects 23.3% were employed. Daily energy intake was $1953{\pm}391$ kcal. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was $0.77{\pm}0.14$ and was higher in FF ($0.86{\pm}0.13$) than in BF ($0.76{\pm}0.11$) and MF ($0.72{\pm}0.18$). Nutrients that over 50% of the subjects took less than estimated average requirement were vitamin A, riboflavin, folate, vitamin C and calcium. And index of nutritional qualities of those 5 nutrients were below one Forty six and sixths percent (46.6%) of the subjects showed GMFVD = 11111 pattern of five food group intakes and 57.5% took meals three times daily, 56.2% skipped often breakfast, and 64.4% dined out two times and more per week. Subjects having lower MAR (< 0.72, n = 24), compared with those having higher MAR (${\geq}$ 0.83, n = 24), showed more skipping daily meals and less frequency of eating-out, and took less legumes, vegetables, fishes, and milk. As the results, intakes of calcium, vitamin A, riboflavin, folate, and vitamin C were insufficient in lactating women, especially in BF and MF mothers. Meal skipping and low intakes of dairy foods, legumes, vegetables, and fishes might have adverse influences on nutritional status of lactating women. Accordingly, nutrition care program for lactating women should be focused on intake of three meals daily and a variety of food.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.307-318
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Relocation to new environments can have a negative impact on health by altering body weight and dietary patterns. This study attempted to elucidate changes in body weight, food security, and their current food and nutrient consumption in adult North Korean refugees (NKR) living in South Korea (SK). SUBJECTS/METHODS: This study analyzed data on 149 adult NKR from a North Korean refugee health in SK cohort at four time points (leaving North Korea, entering SK, first examination, and second examination). Body weight was self-reported at the two earlier time points and directly measured at the two later time points. Food security, diet-related behaviors (dietary habits and food consumption), and sociodemographic information were obtained using a self-administered questionnaire. Nutrient intake information was obtained by one-day 24-hour recall. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS ver 23.0. RESULTS: Body weight increased during relocation by an average of 4 kg, although diversified patterns were observed during the settlement period in SK. Approximately 39.6% of subjects maintained their body weight between the first and second examinations, whereas 38.6% gained and 22.1% lost at least 3% of their body weight at the first examination by the second examination. Food security status improved from 12.1% food secure proportion to 61.7%. NKR showed generally good food and nutrient consumption (index of nutrient quality: 0.77-1.93). The body weight loss group showed the most irregular meal consumption pattern (P < 0.05), and eating-out was infrequent in all three groups. Consumption frequencies of food groups did not differ by group, except in the fish group (P = 0.036). CONCLUSION: This study observed considerable body weight adjustment during the settlement period in SK after initial weight gain, whereas food security consistently improved. More detailed understanding of this process is needed to assist healthy settlement for NKR in SK.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.51-61
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• 2011

Elevated serum concentration of inflammation markers is known as an independent risk factor of metabolic syndrome (MS) and dietary intake is an important factor to control MS. The purpose of this study was to investigated the hypothesis that inflammatory indices are associated with dietary intake and diet quality index-international (DQI-I) in subjects with MS. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 156 men and 73 postmenopausal women with MS, defined by three or more risk factors of the modified Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Serum levels of high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), adiponectin were examined and nutrients intake and DQI-I were assessed using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. The total DQI-I score was significantly higher in female subjects ($65.87{\pm}9.86$) than in male subjects ($62.60{\pm}8.95$). There was a positive association between hs-CRP and polyunsaturated fatty acid intake (p < 0.05) and a negative association between adiponectin and lipid (p < 0.05), total sugar (p < 0.01), and total fatty acids (p < 0.05). When the subjects were divided into 5 groups by quintile according to serum adiponectin and hs-CRP level, there was no association between DQI-I score and hs-CRP levels. Moderation score of DQI-I was significantly higher in highest quintile group than the lower quintile groups. Therefore, our results provide some evidence that dietary intake and diet quality are associated with inflammation markers and dietary modification might be a predictor to decrease risk for metabolic syndrome complications. However further research is needed to develop the dietary quality index reflecting the inflammatory change by considering the dietary habit and pattern of Koreans.