• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.45-53
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• 2017

Profitability of farmers has decreased mainly owing to low price while the gross amount of mushroom production has increased continuously in South Korea. In this regard, analyzing patterns of mushroom consumption is believed to be meaningful. We used a panel data set consisting of 667 families, from 2010 to 2015. Based on the panel data, mushroom consumption patterns of people living in city areas were examined. Multiple descriptive analysis methods and frequency analysis approaches were adopted in this study in terms of time and space dimensions, demographic properties, and purchase behaviors. The findings of this studyshow that mushroom purchase is highly dependent on seasonal events, which implies that the product consumption timing is predictable. In addition, yearly purchase amount patterns reflect that superstores have become the major mushroomtrading venues. This directly supports the need to establish supply chain capabilities for mushroom farmers so that they gain more bargaining power against enterprise-type groceries. Finally, functional features of mushroom can be linked with marketing promotion because purchase patterns demonstrate potential needs for healthcare food in mushroom categories. Based on the analyzed patterns, this paper provides insightful implications for policy makers who want to promote mushroom consumption.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.135-143
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• 2016

Purpose: Ultraviolet (UV)-induced oxidative stress contributes to several adverse biological effects on skin. Many phenolic phytochemicals have been shown to have antioxidant properties and protect skin cells from UV-induced oxidative damage. In this study, we investigated whether or not Aralia elata (AE) has a protective effect against UVB-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), ultimately leading to photoaging. Methods: Phenolic content of dried AE and antioxidant properties of AE extract in 70% ethanol weredetermined by measuring DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The effect of AE extract on cellular ROS generation and expression levels of oxidative stress-response proteins such as superoxide dismutase (SOD)-1, catalase, nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf)-2, and heme oxygenase (HO)-1 in UVB-irradiated ($75mJ/cm^2$) human keratinocytes (HaCaT) were further determined by 2'-7'-dichlorofluoresceine diacetate assay and Western blotting, respectively. Results: The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of dried AE were 20.15 mg tannic acid/g and 18.75 mg rutin/g, respectively. The $IC_{50}$ of AE extract against DPPH radical was $98.5{\mu}g/mL$, and ABTS radical scavenging activity and FRAP upon treatment with $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ of AE extract were $41.8{\mu}g\;ascorbic\;acid\;(AA)\;eq./mL$ and $29.7{\mu}g\;AA\;eq./mL$,m respectively. Pretreatment with AE extract significantly reduced (p < 0.05) ROS generation compared to that in UVB-irradiated control HaCaT cells. Pretreatment with AE extract reversed reduction of Nrf-2 and SOD-1 protein expression and induction of HO-1 protein expression caused by UVB exposure in HaCaT cells, whereas it did not affect catalase expression. Conclusion: AE extract in 70% ethanol demonstrated a protective effect against UVB-induced oxidative stress and decreased expression of Nrf-2 and SOD-1 in human keratinocytes. These findings suggest that AE ethanol extract might have potential as a natural resource for a skin anti-photoaging product in the food and cosmetic industry.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.88-94
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• 2012

This study was carried out in order to investigate the effect of temperature of treatment and storage on the longevity of 'Unicorn' tomatoes of light red maturity stage during commercial handling conditions encountered while exporting over long distances. Tomato stored at $5^{\circ}C$ and $11^{\circ}C$ temperature with 85% relative humidity by pre-treating handling temperature that was using from field to before shipment as a winter temperature $5^{\circ}C$, spring temperature $11^{\circ}C$ and summer temperature $25^{\circ}C$ for 3 days. On the final storage day, $25^{\circ}C/11^{\circ}C$ (treated/stored) tomatoes showed the highest respiration and ethylene production rate; whereas the lowest respiration and ethylene production rate was found for $5^{\circ}C/5^{\circ}C$ treated and stored tomatoes. Tomatoes treated and stored at $5^{\circ}C/5^{\circ}C$ showed higher marketability, without evidence of fungal rot, decay or spots for 23 days. The fresh weight loss under all treatment conditions increased gradually during $5^{\circ}C$ and $11^{\circ}C$ storage temperatures. The higher firmness and soluble solids were determined from $5^{\circ}C/5^{\circ}C$ and $5^{\circ}C/11^{\circ}C$ treated and stored tomatoes repectively, than from others tomatoes on the final day of storage. In addition, $5^{\circ}C/5^{\circ}C$ tomatoes showed higher vitamin C contents than tomatoes stored at other temperatures, on the final day of storage. As the ripening and storage period progressed, the titratable acidity increased, but declined (P < 0.05) thereafter, due to over ripe tomatoes under all treatment conditions. These results show that $5^{\circ}C/5^{\circ}C$ treated and stored light red maturity stages of 'Unicorn' tomatoes are optimum to export because they show the highest storability and marketability. Moreover, the marketability of light red maturity stage of 'Unicorn' tomato maintained for 2 weeks in $25^{\circ}C/11^{\circ}C$ treated and stored temperature that might be the export temperature from Korea to Japan in summer season. This research result could be useful in helping tomato growers and exporters to get optimum market value by satisfying the buyer and consumer with a fresher product.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.236-250
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• 2016

This study was conducted to provide baseline data regarding functional cosmetics so that Inula. based cosmetics can increase its competitiveness in the market as well as to understand current trends to enable anticipation of demands for future product development. For this research, general consumers over the age of 20 residing in Seoul and the Gyeonggi district were surveyed. The results show consumers preferred serum-type products among various types of cosmetics, and that they purchased these once every 1-3 months. Consumers also preferred these products in less than 10-30ml capacity, and at costs of less than 30,000-50,000 KRW. For whitening, functional cosmetics consumers also preferred the serum type, in less than 30-50ml capacity and priced less than 30,000-50,000 KRW. Consumers preferred to purchase functional cosmetics in single units. The major purchasing location, with a high preference rate, was cosmetic stores, and the major sources of information, also with high preference rates, were 'experienced reviews from family, friends and acquaintances' and 'TV advertisements'. Respondents selected 'over 50,000 KRW' the most for all items when responding to 'Purchase Intent for Functional Cosmetics containing Inula', and responded that they were willing to pay 10%-30% more for functional cosmetics containing Inula compared to standard functional cosmetics. These results show that businesses in the cosmetics industry need to take consumer demand into account when developing new functional cosmetic products, as well as establish plans to create specialized spaces that provide better quality service and increase word of mouth effect through better utilization of various types of offline media, social media, and blogs. The study also shows a need for businesses to develop products fully utilizing the Inula flower, which has been shown to be effective as a natural skin whitener, wrinkle reducer and skin moisturizer, to appeal to the increasing number of customers interested in health and beauty.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.269-277
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• 2011

Recent outbreak of new diseases and pests which were introduced from abroad, seriously hampered both quality and safety of paprika fruits. This study has been carried out to aid an establishment of guideline for safe use of pesticides and reduction of their residues on paprika. Systemic fungicides boscalid and pyraclostrobin of either mixed (a.i.; 13.6+6.8%) or single (a.i.; 47 and 18.8%, respectively) water dispersible granule formulation(WG) products were sprayed with recommended or double dosage on paprika grown in green house at March and June. To draw pre-harvest residue limit, residues of each fungicide were analyzed from fruits collected eight times from 18 to 1 day pre-harvest. The biological half-lives of both boscalid and pyraclostrobin in mixed formulation in March and June were slightly shorter than those of single formulation which ranged from 14.4 to 20.1 days. Residue levels of both fungicides of single formulation in fruits in June were about one lower compared to those in March. However, application of double dosage frequently exceeded MRLs from fruits grown both seasons. These results showed that residue levels on fruits persisted longer period of time, more than two weeks, and so the case applied in winter season. The dissipation of fungicides on leaves and fruits was compared. The distribution of both fungicides in leaves was 20-200 times higher than that of fruits and persisted up to 18 days of pre-harvest period at the concentration of 10-40 ${\mu}g\;g^{-1}$. This study indicated that the mixed formulation product exhibited low residues in fruits, but high and long enough to pathogen growth in leaves.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1711-1717
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• 2010

In this study, fibrinolytic activities of fermented yellow agabean (FYA) and black agabean (FBA), and the antioxidation efficiencies of 70% ethanol extract of fermented yellow agabean (FYAE) and black agabean (FBAE) were investigated by selecting Bacillus sp. sm26 strain. Fibrinolytic activities of FYA and FBA were $6.38{\pm}0.5$ and $6.83{\pm}0.5\;U/ml$, which were 1.3 and 1.4 times higher than that of FSB, respectively. With regard to total phenolic contents, FYAE and FBAE were $3.40{\pm}0.44\;mg/g$ and $2.45{\pm}0.20\;mg/g$ respectively, suggesting that their contents were about twice as high as that of fermented soybean extract (FSBE) used as a control. In comparison with FSBE, total protein and sugar contents of FYAE were $0.56{\pm}0.11$ and $2.41{\pm}0.48\;mg/g$, respectively, and those of FBAE were $0.39{\pm}0.12$ and $2.72{\pm}0.63\;mg/g$, respectively. This result suggests that FYAE was 4.7 and 1.7 times higher than FSBE, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of FBAE was 79% at 1 mg/ml, which was highest among the fermented bean extracts, and was twice as high as FSBE in regards to activity. In addition, FBAE exhibited the highest reducing power at 1 mg/ml, which was higher than FSBE by two-fold. With regard to lipid peroxidation, FBAE and FYAE were 93% and 80% at 1 mg/ml, which were 3 and 2.5 times higher than FSBE, respectively. Of note, the hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities of FBAE and FYAE were 82% and 54% at 1 mg/ml, offering activity that was 4 and 2.5 times higher than FSBE, respectively. Based on these results, the fibrinolytic activity and antioxidation efficiency of the fermented agabeans were significantly higher than other soybeans. Therefore, these studies may suggest that the functional agabeans can be a potential candidate for a natural functional food.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.1331-1339
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• 2017

DNA barcoding is the identification of a species based on the DNA sequence of a fragment of the cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) gene in the mitochondrial genome. It is widely applied to assist with the sustainable development of fishery-product resources and the protection of fish biodiversity. This study attempted to verify horse-head fish (Branchiostegus japonicus) and fake horse-head fish (Branchiostegus albus) species, which are commonly consumed in Korea. For the validation of the two species, a real-time PCR method was developed based on the species' mitochondrial DNA genome. Inter-species variations in mitochondrial DNA were observed in a bioinformatics analysis of the mitochondrial genomic DNA sequences of the two species. Some highly conserved regions and a few other regions were identified in the mitochondrial COI of the species. In order to test whether variations in the sequences were definitive, primers that targeted the varied regions of COI were designed and applied to amplify the DNA using the real-time PCR system. Threshold-cycle (Ct) range results confirmed that the Ct ranges of the real-time PCR were identical to the expected species of origin. Efficiency, specificity and cross-reactivity assays showed statistically significant differences between the average Ct of B. japonicus DNA ($21.85{\pm}3.599$) and the average Ct of B. albus DNA ($33.49{\pm}1.183$) for confirming B. japonicus. The assays also showed statistically significant differences between the average Ct of B. albus DNA ($22.49{\pm}0.908$) and the average Ct of B. japonicus DNA ($33.93{\pm}0.479$) for confirming B. albus. The methodology was validated by using ten commercial samples. The genomic DNA-based molecular technique that used the real-time PCR was a reliable method for the taxonomic classification of animal tissues.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.42 no.11
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• pp.911-920
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• 2009

Virtual water is defined as the volume of water required to produce a commodity or service. The degree of food self-sufficiency is currently about 27 % in South Korea, so that Korea is one of the largest net virtual water import countries for agricultural product, thus it is necessary to estimate suitable virtual water for South Korea. The objective of this paper is to quantify the agricultural virtual water use (AWU) and virtual water content (VWC) using the method suggested by Chapagain and Hoekstra during the period 1991-2007. To calculate the virtual water content, 44 different crop production quantity and harvested area data were collected for 17 years and FAO Penman-Monteith equation was adapted for computing crop consumptive use of water. As the results, AWU has been estimated at 15.1 billion $m^3$ in average showing a tendency to decrease. Rice has the largest share in the AWU, consuming about 10.1 billion $m^3$/yr which is about 75 % of gross AWU, and the VWC is 1600.1 $m^3$/ton for paddy rice. The largest VWCs of crops are oilseed and tuber crop, and the smallest are leaf and root vegetables. The primary crop production VWC can be used for calculating the VWC of various secondary products using the contribution ratio, therefore the results of this study are expected to be used as basic data for national agricultural water footprint.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.692-701
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• 2008

This study was conducted with 150 adults of 20 years or older, all of whom lived in Seoul. The awareness of traditional Hangwa (Korean cookies) was shown to be relatively low, with 2.9 points on average, and the intake of traditional Hangwa for a month was 2.1 times. For the reason that traditional Hangwa couldn't become popular, and the opinion that the reason was because the price is expensive was the highest, at 3.8. The next highest reasons given were because it is difficult to buy, and because it is inconvenient to eat, at 3.0. The traditional Hangwa was shown to enjoy positive awareness as opposed to negative awareness, while the manufacturing sanitation was also recognized to be relatively clean, with 2.6 points assigned to the opinion that it doesn't taste good, and 2.7 points assigned to the opinion that the manufacturing sanitation is unclean. With regard to the excellence of traditional Hangwa, the response that 'our tradition can be handed down' was the most often encountered, with a score of 3.9. The traditional Hangwa was appraised as excellent, with 3.6 points assigned to the opinion 'it suits our body because it is made with our agricultural products' and 3.4% for each opinion 'safe ingredients are used' and 'all ingredients are good for health'. With regard to the level of agreement for the development of functional traditional Hangwa, the positive group was higher than 25.3% of the negative group, with 27.3% for 'agree very much' and 22.0% for 'agree'. When converted into a 5-point scale for the development of functional traditional Hangwa, the group that was positive toward its development was high, with 3.4 points on average. All categories of excellence awareness were correlated with the level of agreement for the development of a functional food product (p<0.001). Consumer awareness toward the addition of traditional Hangwa functionality was generally positive, with 3.3 points or higher on average, and awareness of the aging suppression and diabetes control effects of Hangwa was also high, with 3.5 points. Next were Hangwa for diet, Hangwa for blood pressure control, Hangwa for mineral supple-mentation and vitamin additive-type Hangwa, with 3.4 for each, and Hangwa for health preservation, with 3.3 in order. With regard to the degree of interest toward functional traditional Hangwa for the treatment of diseases, obese patients cited aging suppression, at 3.2, and vitamin additive Hangwa, at 3.0, while Hangwa for dieting was assigned 2.8 points. Patients with high blood pressure, blood circulation, and diabetes were all shown as having a high degree of interest in all items, while evidencing particular interest toward Hangwa for diabetes control and Hangwa for blood pressure control. With regard to intention to purchase while developing functional traditional Hangwa, the group asserting intention to purchase was higher than 60% for all items except for Hangwa for diabetes control (58.7%). The Hangwa for aging suppression was highest, at 68.6%, and shown as having intention to purchase during development in the order of vitamin additive Hangwa at 68.0%, Hangwa for mineral supplementation at 64.6%, each of Hangwa for health preservation and Hangwa for blood pressure control at 62.7%, Hangwa for diet at 62.6% and Hangwa for diabetes control at 58.7%. The considerations during the development of functional traditional Hangwa were in the following order: storage at 4.1 points, taste and level of function at 3.9 points, size at 3.5 points, and packing at 3.4 points.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.625-633
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• 2015

Olive flounder (Parlichthys olivaceus) is a large carnivorous fish that live at coastal area and shallow seas in Korea. It was good texture and clean taste because of a high collagen content and low lipid content. More than 70% of olive flounder annual production was traded alive, consequently processing food product from olive flounder is rare to be towed. This study was conducted to investigate the best method of olive flounder cutlet processing. Clean fillet (headless, skinless and contain no viscera part) of olive flounder were divided into 5 portion. Every 100 g of olive flounder meat was wrapped with vinyl then flatten with meat hammer. Flatten fillet then was coated with wheat flour, and seasoned with salt and pepper. These were then coated with egg wash and bread crumbs. Two different method of processing was to make this olive flounder cutlet. Cutlet-1 was fried for 1 min in olive oil, then kept in polyethylene film vacuum packaging ($20{\times}30{\times}0.05mm$) and stored at $-20^{\circ}C$ for 7 days. After 7 days the cutlet was thawed and heat up in microwave for 2 min (Sample-1). The other proup is cutlet-2, which is directly stored in polyethylene film vacuum packaging at $-20^{\circ}C$ for 7 days then thawed and fried for 1 min in olive oil (Sample-2). The factors such as pH, TBA value, amino-N, free amino acid, chemical composition, color value (L, a, b), texture profile, sensory evaluation and viable bacterial count of the olive flounder cutlet (Sample-1, Sample-2) were measured. From the result of sensory evaluation, Sample-2 showed a little high scores than Sample-1. But there was no significant differences in color, odor, taste, texture and overall acceptance between Sample-1 and Sample-2 products.