• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.178-183
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• 2008

The assessment of children's nutritional intakes is important because any nutritional inadequacies or toxicities may have adverse consequences. Studies on the nutritional intakes of Korean children are limited. The aims of this study were to determine anthropometric indices, estimate selectee nutrient intakes of young Korean children, and compare these intakes with current Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans. This study included 136 healthy children(65 boys, 71 girls), 2-6 y old, living in Kwangju, Korea. Weights and heights were measured. Three consecutive 24-h food recalls were obtained. According to International Obesity Taskforce BMI cutoffs, 8% were overweight and 2% were obese. The energy intakes of 40% were < Korean Estimated Energy Requirements, while all subjects consumed $\geq$ Korean Estimated Average Requirement(EAR) for protein. The majority of the children consumed > Korean EAR for iron, zinc, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, vitamin $B_6$, and niacin. Vitamin E intakes of 65% of the Korean children were < Korean Adequate Intake, and approximately half of the subjects had < Korean EAR for calcium and for folate. Many young children in Kwangju, Korea, likely have inadequate status of calcium, folate, and vitamin E.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.134-142
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• 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: North Korean refugees (NKRs) in South Korea are a unique population as they must adapt in a new country with similar cultural traits but different social, political, and economic systems, but little research has been conducted on diet and nutrition in this population. This study examined food security, dietary behaviors, and nutrient intakes among adult NKRs living in South Korea and compared them to those of South Koreans. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The subjects were 139 adult NKRs (25 men, 114 women) living in the Seoul metropolitan area, and 417 age- and sex- matched South Korean controls (SKCs; 75 men, 342 women) selected from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Food security and dietary behaviors (meal skipping, eating-out, meals with family, nutrition education and counseling, and nutrition label knowledge and utilization) were obtained using self-administered questionnaires. Nutrient intakes were assessed by 24-hr recall. The statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS ver. 23.0. RESULTS: In South Korea, food security had improved over the previous 12 months, but remained significantly poorer for NKR women than SKC women. Meal skipping was three times more frequent than for SKCs and eating-out was rare. Average energy intake was 1,509 kcal for NKR men and 1,344 kcal for NKR women, which was lower than those of SKCs (2,412 kcal and 1,789 kcal, respectively). Significantly more NKRs (men 24.0%, women 21.9%) showed simultaneously deficient intake in energy, calcium, iron, vitamin A, and riboflavin than SKCs (men 2.7% (P = 0.003), women 7.0% (P < 0.001)). NKR women had a significantly higher index of nutrient quality (INQ) for some nutrients than SK women. CONCLUSIONS: This study reports significant differences in food security, dietary behaviors, and nutrient intakes between NKRs and SKCs. Generally, NKRs reported lower intakes despite improved food security, but relatively good INQs across nutrients. Further research is needed to understand processes of food choice and consumption among NKRs to provide appropriate support aimed at improving diets.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.699-707
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• 2003

This study examined the effectiveness of two commonly used dietary assessment methods (the 24-hour recall and the food frequency questionnaire) in the epidemiological investigations of health-related habits and degenerative diseases. This cross sectional project in the Seoul area was conducted for the purpose of establishing cohort subjects and collecting reliable nutrient intake data for a further large-scale cross sectional study. The subjects were 91 volunteers from the Seoul area with a mean age of 53.5 \pm 9.6 for the males and 52.2 \pm 8.9 for the females. The subjects had a relatively high educational background, were from high socioeconomic levels, and were greatly concerned about healthrelated life styles. There was a significantly negative correlation between their smoking and their nutrient intake. Their drinking habits, their self-estimated health status and their concern or stress about being healthy did not have any influence on their nutrient intakes. Skipping meals was the most undesirable dietary habit influencing their nutrient intakes, and the next was their irregularity of eating meals. The subjects who liked legumes and fish had higher intakes of iron and niacin and those who liked milk and dairy products had higher intakes of calcium, vitamin \B_2 and fat. The subjects who considered themselves not to be healthy consumed higher amounts of fish and shell-fish, and those who considered themselves to be healthy consumed higher amounts of vegetables. The smokers consumed less fruits than non-smokers, but there was no correlation between their drinking and consumption of the food groups. There was no correlation between their food consumption frequency and their skipping meals or meal irregularity. There were positive correlations between their food likes and food consumption frequency for foods such as meat, milk and dairy products, seaweeds and fruits. Therefore, their smoking, skipping meals and meal irregularity appeared to greatly influence their nutrient intakes. Significant correlations were found between their health-related habits and their food group preferences and food frequencies. This implies that simple surveying methods using criteria such as smoking, skipping meals and meal irregularity, food group preferences and eating frequencies can be used as useful tools in the assessment of nutritional statuses.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.280-288
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutrient and food intake status in underweight female college students living in Seoul. 126 underweight(BMI<20) and 74 normal weight (20$\leq$BMI<25) students were asked for their daily food intake and eating habits by using 3-day food records and questionnaire. We analyzed the amounts of the nutrient intakes and food groups as the subjects. The mean of height and weight were 162.1cm and 49.0kg in underweight and 160.6cm and 54.9kg in normal weight subjects. The mean energy, iron, and vitamin A intakes among the students were smaller than RDA for Koreans. The mean calcium(p<0.01), sodium(p<0.05), and vitamin B$_2$(p<0.05) intakes in underweight subjects were significantly higher than those in normal weight subjects. Total food intakes of underweight and normal weight students were 1235.8g and 1078.1g, respectively. The mean of the pulse group in the underweight was significantly higher than that in normal group(p<0.01) Frequently consumed food or dish items of the subjects were Kimchi, cooked rice, and milk. In the relation between BMI and dietary factors, the BMI was found to have a significant negative correlation with calcium intake(p<0.05), pulse intake(p<0.01) and eating habit score(p<0.01) Eating habit scores about quantity of food and lipid intake showed a significant difference between underweight and normal students.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.2723-2729
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• 2013

Background: To investigate the internal validity of a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) developed for use in Chinese women and to compare habitual dietary intakes between population and hospital controls measured by the FFQ. Materials and Methods: A quantitative FFQ and a short food habit questionnaire (SFHQ) were developed and adapted for cancer and nutritional studies. Habitual dietary intakes were assessed in 814 Chinese women aged 18-81 years (407 outpatients and 407 population controls) by face-to-face interview using the FFQ in Shenyang, Northeast China in 2009-2010. The Goldberg formula (ratio of energy intake to basal metabolic rate, EI/BMR) was used to assess the validity of the FFQ. Correlation analyses compared the SFHQ variables with those of the quantitative FFQ. Differences in dietary intakes between hospital and population controls were investigated. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained using conditional logistic regression analyses. Results: The partial correlation coefficients were moderate to high (0.42 to 0.80; all p<0.05) for preserved food intake, fat consumption and tea drinking variables between the SFHQ and the FFQ. The average EI/BMR was 1.93 with 88.5% of subjects exceeding the Goldberg cut-off value of 1.35. Hospital controls were comparable to population controls in consumption of 17 measured food groups and mean daily intakes of energy and selected nutrients. Conclusions: The FFQ had reasonable validity to measure habitual dietary intakes of Chinese women. Hospital outpatients provide a satisfactory control group for food consumption and intakes of energy and nutrients measured by the FFQ in a Chinese hospital setting.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.293-300
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to develop a dietary fiber composition table (DFCT) and to assess dietary fiber intakes in Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Methods: The DFCT was developed by compiling the food composition tables published by the agencies of Korea, United States, or Japan. When there was no available data from the same species or status (dried, boiled, etc.) of food, the values were imputed by estimating from the same species with different status or substituting familiar species in biosystematic grouping. Using KNHANES VI-2 (2014) microdata and DFCT, intake of dietary fiber of Koreans was estimated. Results: Among the 5,126 food items of DFCT, the proportion of items of which dietary fiber contents were taken from the analytical values of the same foods was 40.9%. The data from the domestic food composition tables was 37.5%, and the data from the foreign tables was 49.6%. The rest was assumed as zero, or estimated with recipe database and nutrition labeling. Mean daily intake of dietary fiber was 23.2 g, and mean intake per 1,000 kcal was 10.7 g in men and 12.6 g in women. The mean percentage of dietary fiber intake compared to adequate intake was higher than 100%. The major food groups contributing to dietary fiber intakes were vegetables and cereals, and the percent contribution were 32.9% and 23.0% of total dietary fiber intakes, respectively. Conclusions: This DFCT could serve as a useful database for assessing dietary fiber intakes and for investigating the association between dietary fiber intakes and noncommunicable diseases.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.146-155
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• 2012

This study aimed to measure and evaluate the intakes of four antioxidant trace elements, namely, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Se in 19-29y-old female university students in Korea. Diet data were collected by 3-day dietary records in 644 subjects. The mean age, height, weight and body mass index of the subjects were 20.08 years, 161.77 cm, 54.26 kg and $20.82kg/m^2$, respectively. The mean, median and 25th-75th percentile intakes of Zn, Cu, Mn, and Se in the subjects were 12.83 mg (12.40 mg, 9.59 to 15.34), 1.30 mg (1.27 mg, 1.00 to 1.57), 3.19 mg (3.12 mg, 2.45 to 3.86), and $50.90{\mu}g$ ($50.17{\mu}g$, 37.59 to 64.35), respectively. The proportion of subjects whose Mn intake was adequate or less was 62.89%, and the proportions of subjects whose Zn, Cu and Se intakes were at the estimated average requirements or less were 10.09, 4.97, and 39.60%, respectively. The major food group for dietary intakes of Zn, Cu, Mn, and Se was cereal, providing 8.55 mg (66.60%), 0.78 mg (59.93%), 2.09 mg (65.50%), and $16.83{\mu}g$ (32.43%), respectively. Many female university students were deficient in Mn and Se compared with the dietary reference intakes. Therefore, except for cereal, it is required to consume a diet consisted of various food sources for increasing the intakes of antioxidant trace minerals, especially animal food groups.

• 통합자연과학논문집
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.181-185
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• 2010

This study was conducted to find associations of obesity, exercise pattern and nutrient intakes in Korean American immigrants residing in North Western parts of USA. The structured survey forms and food frequency questionnaire that covered 67 food items were used. There was a significant difference in height for subjects by gender and age. However, the weight of females became heavier with increasing age in contrast to males. There was a great difference in BMI between the male and female group in the youngest adult group compared to the aging adults. Significant age difference in exercise pattern was shown. Dietary fiber and sodium intakes were higher in the elderly than young ones in female group. In the same young adult group Zn intakes was the highest in the male group and the lowest in the female group. Folate intakes were higher in females than in males. Strong positive correlations among height, weight and BMI were shown. Zn intake was significantly correlated with weight, height, and exercise pattern in the study. Furthermore, Zn was correlated with sodium, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin E and cholesterol.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.420-428
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary habits and nutrient intakes of the elderly living in Songnam area. Responses from 318(153 men, 165 women) elderly individuals aged from 58 to 92 were analyzed. The results of this study are as follows. Regular dietary habit scores of the elderly women were worse than those of the men. Balanced dietary habit scores turned out to be the lowest among the various measured indices. The dietary assessment data showed that the energy intakes of males and females were 86.8% and 83.1% of the RDAs, respectively. The nutrients taken less than RDA on the daily basis were protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A and vitamin B$_2$. Nutrient intakes were gradually decreased as the age increased. Energy intakes of males and females from carbohydrate were 70% and 73% respectively. Vitamin A, vitamin B$_2$, and calcium were the most deficient nutrients on the basis of the intake percentage of RDA. Therefore, to improve nutritional status of the elderly, it is recommended that intakes of vitamin A, B$_2$ and calcium-rich food should be increased. Also suitable dietary guidelines and educational programs seem to be necessary for promoting health conditions of elderly people in Songnam area.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제32권7호
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• pp.812-820
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• 1999

The aim of this investigation was to assess the difference of health behaviors, dietary patterns and nutrient intakes between smokers and nonsmoker from 435 free living elderly in Kyunggi province. The study subjects were interviewed to collect general characteristics and health behaviors such as smoking, exercise, alcohol consumption, and food habits by questionnaires and nutrient intakes by a 24-hour recall, and weight, height, waist, hip, and blood pressure were measured. The percentages of smoker were 52.3% in males and 12.1% in females. Current smokers were fond of alcohol, salty or hot food, tended to have meals irregularly and insufficient sleep, and were inactive lifestyle compared to nonsmokers. Smokers consumed fewer servings of vegetables, fruits, and beans and their products. Women who smoked consumed less energy, carbohydrates, and vitamin E than nonsmokers, and their nutrient adequacy ratio of protein, iron, phosphate, niacin, vitamin B1, and vitamin C were significantly lower than nonsmokers. There were no differences of nutrient intakes and nutrient adequacy ratio between smokers and nonsmokers in male subjects. In conclusion, elderly smokers tended to have less healthy life style, food habit, and dietary nutrient intakes which may influence the deleterious effects of smoke components on cancer and coronary heart disease risk, thus health education program should include nutrition education as well as smoking cessation.