• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.492-503
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• 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Recently, the recommended nutrient intakes (RNI) for vitamin D for Malaysian aged 1-70 yrs has been revised from 5 ㎍/day to 15 ㎍/day. This study is aimed to assess the adequacy of vitamin D intake based on revised RNI and to recommend several dietary strategies to increase total vitamin D intake. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Vitamin D intake from both food and supplement of 217 pregnant women was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Hypothetical effect of expanded supplementation and food fortifications strategies were modelled using the consumption data. RESULTS: The results revealed that more than half (67.7%) of pregnant women had inadequate vitamin D intake (RNI < 15 ㎍/day). The modelling results demonstrated the potential of universal provision of 10 ㎍/day of multivitamins supplements in increasing vitamin D intake. Moreover, mandatory fortification of both milk and malted drink at single level of 5 ㎍/serving would lead to increase in vitamin D intake of Malaysians, particularly pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS: The outcome of this study can be used as a reference for public health professionals to re-evaluate the existing Malaysian food fortification policies and supplementation recommendation for vitamin D for pregnant women.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.529-535
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• 1999

This study was aimed to evaluate any influence food habits food intake freqyuency and factors associated hair conditions. The subjects of this study consisted of 291 female college students in Chung Ju. Questionnaires were completed by them Eating habits of subjects was irregular and hair type was not good generally hair glossy was most Who had hair trouble. The relationship between hair type and eating habits was not significant. But the rate of hair troubles, fallen hair, white hair, glossy were lower at the fish and soybean intake frequency to increasrd.(p<0.05) The drinking trime of coffee(p<0.01) and alcoholic beverage(p<0.05) per day was significant negative correlation with hair growth.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.259-269
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• 2021

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the changes in the eating habits and lifestyle of middle-aged women in Gwangju during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A total of 428 middle-aged women aged between 40 and 60 participated in a survey relating to general information, food and lifestyle, health functional food, and menopausal symptoms. The correlation between the variables was analyzed. Results: In the positive habits, the intake of nutritional supplements for immunity enhancement increased the most, followed by the use of media to learn healthy eating tips, and diets including healthy food. Negative habits increased in the order of frequency of taking delivery orders, levels of stress or anxiety, and time spent sitting or watching movies. In the case of recommended foods, the intake increased the most in the order of eggs, fruits, vegetables, milk/dairy products, and seaweed. Non-recommended foods increased in the order of meat, bread, rice, and noodles. The awareness of health functional foods was in the increasing order of interest, knowledge, consumption experience, and purchase amount. The type of health functional food intake was in the increasing order of probiotics, multivitamin and mineral supplements, vitamin C, collagen, and omega-3. Menopausal symptoms were in the increasing order of bone and joint pain, poor sleep quality, emotional ups and downs, loneliness, and feeling of emptiness. In the correlation of major variables, positive habits showed a significant positive correlation with recommended food intake and the recognition of health functional foods. Negative habits showed a significant positive correlation with non-recommended food intake and a significant positive correlation with menopausal symptoms. Recommended food intake showed a significant positive correlation with health functional food recognition and intake and menopausal symptoms. Conclusions: This study suggests that it is necessary to establish social measures to reduce the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on middle-aged women and to ensure effective self-management through a healthy lifestyle since the pandemic has a long-term impact.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제33권8호
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• pp.882-889
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• 2000

This study was conducted to examine contribution of specific foods to absolute intake and between-person variation in nutrients consumed by 2037 adults living in Korean rural area using one day 24-hour recall method. To measure contribution of food to absolute nutrient intake, all foods consumed were ranked by percentages calculated as the sum of the nutrient intake contributed by a given food divided by the total nutrient intake from al categories. To assess between-person variability in nutrient intake, stepwise multiple regression analysis was used with total nutrient intake from al foods as the dependent variable and the nutrient amount from each of all foods as independent variables. The kind and the number of foods necessary to account for the variation in nutrient intake among persons varied significantly depending on the nutrient. The nutrients contributing more than 80% of total intake with a few number of food items were ${\beta}$-carotene(ll), vitamin C(15) and vitamin A(16). Foods sometimes overlooked as important sources were found in some instances to be quantitatively important to population intake. Even though rice and Korean cabbage kimchi do not contain much nutrients in quantity, they made a major contribution to most nutrient intake of subjects because of large serving size and high frequency of intake. The food items and contributing order for between person variance was different from those of absolute intake. A large fraction of the variability of nutrient intake in this population was explained by a small number of foods. Fewer foods were required to explain a given proportion of the between-person variance in intake than to account for the same proportion of the popylation\`s total intake. These data may be useful in the development of dietary assessment instrument and in nutrition education. (Korean J Nutrition 33(8) : 882-889, 2000)

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.143-150
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• 2002

The objective of this study is to establish outcome validity for three instruments that assess whether subjects met recommendations for daily servings of fruits and vegetables for“Stage of Change”research. A convenience sample of 294 college students was recruited from introductory nutrition classes at Michigan State University in the United States. To measure servings of fruits and vegetables, separately, three types of methods (self-rated intake, 24-hour recall and food frequency) were used in comparison to the servings from a three-day food record, the criterion used. The outcome validity was assessed based on whether or not at least two servings of fruits and three servings of vegetables were reported. Validity was assessed by sensitivity, to measure the ability to detect low intakes, and by specificity, to measure ability to detect adequate intakes. Cohen's kappa was used as well to examine the agreement between the three methods and a three-day food record. The results showed, for fruits, the 24-hour recall had the best agreement (recall 0.54, self-rated : 0.31, food frequency : 0.29) with a three-day food record for servings consumed by people in pre-action or post-action stages. Sensitivity for fruit was also best using a recall (0.81). For vegetables, however, all three methods had low agreement (food frequency : 0.27, recall : 0.21, self-rated : 0.17) with the results of the three-day food record. Self-rated intakes for vegetables had the best sensitivity (0.66) and the food frequency had the best specificity (0.73). Therefore, researcher can use the 24-hour recall method to identify people who consume inadequate servings of fruit. To detect adequate vegetable intake, the food frequency was best of the three methods. Accuracy may be improved by probing for vegetables in mixed dishes and on sandwiches. (J Community Nutrition 4(3)： 143∼150, 2002)

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.421-431
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• 2014

In this study, preferences and eating frequency of fish were surveyed in 390 foodservice employees in the Gyeongbuk and Daegu areas. The most common response to degree of fish intake was 'half eaten'. In the home, 'fish intake 1~2 times per a week' was chosen as the most common response. There was a significant difference(p<.05) in the frequency of fish consumption based on gender. 'Fish intake 3~5 times per a week' was most commonly chosen by subjects under 20 and over 60 years, whereas the most common response in those 41~60 and 21~40 years old was 'fish intake 1~2 times per a week'. The most preferred method of fish cooking was 'roast', 'frozen pollack' Tang was chosen as the favorite Tang(soup) dish and 'Hairtail' was chosen as the favorite boiled and grilled fish dish. Reasons for avoiding or preferring fish were related to 'tastes and recipes'. 'Mackerel' was the favorite dish for both men and women. 'Flatfish' and 'mackerel pike' were disliked by men and women, respectively. Cooked meat was eaten more often than fish regardless of gender. Besides, preference for meat was higher than that for fish in all age groups, except those over 60 years old. 'fish has good nutrition and health' was the most common response When subjects were asked to compare fish with cooked meat.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.957-964
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• 2000

부산지역 여고생의 1일 trans 지방산의 섭취 수준을 파악하기 위해 식사력조사와 식품섭취 빈도조사를 여름과 겨울 2회 실시하였다. 그 결과 간식빈도는 1일 2회가 38.0%로 가장 높았고, 간식시 선호하는 식품으로는 아이스크림이 46.4%로서 가장 높은 비율을 차지했으며, 비교적 우유와 유제품의 선호도가 높았다. 외식의 경우, 외식빈도는 1개월에 1번 외식한다고 응답한 사람이 가장 많았다(43.4%). 외식시 선호하는 삭품으로 돼지고기구이, 햄버거, 쇠고기구이가 각각 39.1%, 36 9%, 26.6%로서 높은 비율을 보였다. 야외에 패스트푸드는 여고생들이 선호하는 식품이며, 빵을 먹는 경우 마가린을 버터보다 더 선호하였다. Trans 지방산 섭취수준은 소득수준(p<0.05), 간식(p<0.001) 및 외식(p<0.05)의 빈도에 딸 유의적인 차이를 나타냈으며, 1일 평균 trans 지방산 섭취수준은 평균 $4.24{\pm}0.18g$이다. 우유와 유제품, 육류 및 가공품 등에 포함되어 있는 N-tFAs 성취수준은 086=0.00 g으로 1일 총 trans 지방산 섭취수준의 20.3%이며, H-tFAs 섭취 수준은 1일 총 trans 지방산 섭취수준의 79.7%에 해당하는 평균 $3.38{\pm}0.14\;g$이다. H-tFAs의 섭취수준이 N-tFAs의 수준보다 높았다(p=0.000). 본 연구의 결과, 우리나라 국민 전체의 trans 지방산 섭취수준은 외국에 비해 그다지 높지 않은것으로 추정되었으나 여고생들의 섭취 수준은 다른 계층에 비해 상당히 높은 편이다. 그리고, 현재의 식생활 패턴과 변화 추이를 볼 때 앞으로 trans 지방산 섭취수준은 상당히 높아질 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 가공식품들을 비롯한 각종 식품중의 trans 지방산 함량을 분석하여 기초 자료화하는 한편 여고생 뿐만 아니라 일반인들의 trans 지방산 섭취수준을 확립.제시해야 할 것으로 사료되어 이에 대한 연구가 계속 진행되어야 할 것이다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.427-439
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to determine whether Nutrition Quotient (NQ) for children, which has been developed from data on urban children, can be applied to children in rural areas. A total of 200 children (108 boys and 92 girls) in fifth and sixth grade at three elementary schools in rural areas of Gyeongbuk participated in the survey conducted during June 2012. Questionnaires consisted of items on food intake frequency and dietary behavior. Food intake data were obtained using the 24-hour recall method, and nutrient intake was calculated using the CAN-Pro 4.0 Program. Percentages of children who took less than the estimated average requirement were 76.5%, 49.5%, 45.5%, 33.5%, and 26.0% for calcium, vitamin C, iron, vitamin A, and folate, respectively. Significant associations were observed between intake frequencies of vegetables, kimchi, and fruits, and intake of vitamin C, folate, and dietary fiber. White milk and legumes showed positive correlation with intake of calcium and vitamin A. Eating breakfast, meal regularity, and diverse side dishes showed positive correlation with intake of folate and calcium. The 19 food checklist items could be categorized according to five factors. The mean NQ score of the subjects was 62.0, which was similar to that of urban children, 64.4. NQ score and factor scores for balance, regularity, and practice were significantly lower in children with lower socioeconomic level as compared to those with higher socioeconomic level. Higher NQ score showed an association with increased intake of vitamin B2, folate, vitamin C, and calcium. In conclusion, NQ offers a valuable instrument for evaluation of food habit and dietary quality of rural children as well as urban children, and children with low socioeconomic status should be monitored by testing with NQ checklist before implementation of nutrition programs.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.93-102
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• 2021

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between watching mukbang (eating broadcasts) and dietary and health behavior in adults who watch mukbang. Methods: The questionnaire was administered on a self-written basis through online and offline formats to 800 adults (400 men and 400 women). The contents of the survey consisted of general characteristics, mukbang viewing time per week, breakfast intake frequency, preference for menus when viewing mukbang, delivery food intake frequency per week, late meal intake frequency per week, and health behavior. The subjects were divided into three groups according to mukbang viewing time. Results: The body weight of viewers was significantly higher when mukbang viewing time was over 14 hours for both men and women. In particular, based on the BMI (body mass index), those who watched mukbang for more than 14 hours were found to be overweight. People with more than 14 hours of mukbang viewing time per week were found to prefer mostly carbohydrate-rich food and meat, while those with less than 7 hours of mukbang viewing time per week showed a higher preference for vegetables and fruits. An analysis of the frequency of breakfast eaten showed that the rate of skipping breakfast was the highest for those who watched mukbang for more than 14 hours per week, and the rate of eating breakfast daily was the highest in the case of fewer than 7 hours of viewing. In the case of high mukbang viewing time per week, the frequency of food delivery and night eating was high. When mukbang viewing time was high, the viewer's interest in health was low and the frequency of exercising too was low. Conclusions: Viewers with high mukbang viewing time showed undesirable health and eating behavior. Thus, it is believed that proper nutrition education on improving eating habits and raising the awareness of correct eating habits is necessary for such viewers.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.922-933
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of nutrition education using Food Exchange System on elementary students' nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and nutrients intake. Nutrition education lessons (40 min /lesson, 4 times), '5 major nutrients and functions', '6 food groups and sources of 6 food groups', 'good choice of snacks and eating out' as class lesson, 'daily needed energy and food exchange units' as individual lesson, were provided to 70 elementary students (4th grade 33 students, 5th grade 37 students) in Jeonbuk Province. We assessed the changes in nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude, food habit using a questionnaire and nutrient intake using 24 hr recall method by nutrition education. In nutrition knowledge, there were significant increases in scores of 'functions of carbohydrate', 'functions of protein', 'functions of lipid', 'foods of carbohydrate', and 'foods of lipid'. In dietary attitude, there were significant increases in scores of 'taking a meal with joy', 'taking a meal at ease', 'taking a meal with sufficient protein intake' and 'taking a meal without spicy foods' by nutrition education. There were significant changes in the type of breakfast and in the frequency of snacks. After education, in type of breakfast, it showed higher number of students ate rice oriented meal than they did before education. and in frequency of snacks, it showed lower number of students ate snacks 'over 3 times' than they did before education. In Carbohydrate : Protein : Fat (CPF) ratio (%), it was significantly changed from 55.8 : 17.7 : 26.6 to 63.6 : 15.3 : 21.1. In evaluation of nutrient intake by Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs), vitamin A, thiamin, niacin, vitamin $B_6$, calcium, phosphate, iron and zinc showed positive changes in distribution of number of children by intake level. That is, there were significant improvements in intakes of vitamin A, thiamin, niacin, vitamin $B_6$, calcium, phosphate, iron and zinc. These results showed that nutrition education using Food Exchange System for elementary students improved nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and nutrients intake. It suggest that nutrition education using Food Exchange System may improve dietary behaviors and reduce an incidence of obesity in elementary students.