• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.156-182
• /
• 2013

In this paper, the origin, development and features of a Korean folding stool are studied. A folding stool is a piece of collapsible seating furniture with its legs crossed in the form of the letter "X" and no back attached. In China, the folding stool was introduced from the West around the second century A.D. The folding stool of Korea was influenced by that of China. It is known from the records that the king used the folding stool from the Three Kingdom period. During the Koryo period, Chosun period and the modern period, the folding stool was used to show the authority of the king and nobleman. The folding stool was also used at outside places such as a hunting ground, a ceremonial walk, a battlefield, a garden etc. due to its portableness. Buddha worship policy of Koryo period supported the usage of the folding stool for shanding (禪定) by ascetics of Buddhist temple, or aristocrats. In a contemporary period, the folding stool is continuously produced and used as one kind of a folding chair due to its functionality, movability, storability and efficient space utilization. This research will serve as a momentum to investigate the origin and development of the East Asian seating furniture culture, and contribute to the further study and manufacturing of Korean seating furniture.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
• /
• v.26 no.6
• /
• pp.42-52
• /
• 2017

In this modern world of drastic change, folding architecture was an alternative that offered a novel architectural insight. Today, the folding technique is being used above and beyond architecture, spreading to fashion, lighting, medicine, etc. Especially in the interior space design field, the folding technique is in the limelight as an alternative to create an original space for modern society. However, research and experiments into folding mainly remains at philosophical interpretation or architectural examples, and even these were mostly before the 2000s. Therefore, the present study determined it necessary to look deeply into the post-2000s folding technique focusing on interior space. In this paper, 33 cases of indoor space where folding technique appears are derived, and classified them again by use. The folding technique which was the first step of Sophia Vyzoviti's experiment on her book, "Folding Architecture" was extracted and used as the framework. We summarizes the range of application of folding techniques (interior space in general, floor, wall, ceiling, etc.) and major folding techniques by combining photographs, drawings, and descriptions of the works of the architects. This paper summarizes the characteristics of the space described comprehensively, and draws out the spatial characteristics of the modern interior space where the folding technique appears.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
• /
• v.39 no.3
• /
• pp.30-35
• /
• 2007

Folding performance is very important in box manufacturing process using paperboard. To evaluate the folding performance of various paperboards, we measured the folding moment and folding behavior at the different folding angle and rate conditions. When linerboard with grammage of $300\;g/m^2$ was folded up to $90^{\circ}$, the compression break and delamination of sheet were observed. The maximum folding moment was little affected by folding angle, but it was increased logarithmically with folding rate. And the effect of paperboard thickness was significant. The maximum folding moment of MD sample was higher than one of CD sample by 40%.

• International Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.26-30
• /
• 2016

Experimental study on the unsteady aerodynamics analysis and power consumption of a folding wing is accomplished using a wind tunnel testing. A folding wing model is fabricated and actuated using servo motors. The flapping wing consists of an inboard main wing and an outboard folding wing. The aerodynamic forces and consumed powers of the flapping wing are measured by changing the flapping and folding wings inside a low-speed wind tunnel. In order to calculate the aerodynamic forces, the measured forces are modified using static test data. It was found that the effect of the folding wing on the flapping wing's total lift is small but the effect of the folding wing on the total thrust is larger than the main wing. The folding motion requires the extra use of the servo motor. Thus, the amount of the energy consumption increases when both the wings are actuated together. As the flight speed increases, the power consumption of the folding wing decreases which results in energy saving.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
• /
• v.47 no.4
• /
• pp.168-176
• /
• 2015

The history of paper folding had continued before that the paper manufacturing technique was spread in the 3rd century and it was used for witchcrafts and rituals. Fold means as was used with the word Cheop and Jeopji. In the Three Kingdoms period, the conical hat with fabric spread as customs, then it was made of the paper that led the popularization of paper folding form the early Joseon Dynasty. Paper crafts and living things with paper are mostly derived from fabrics except the paper written for saint's name related God. In the period of the tribe nation, witchcrafts and rituals brought to Japan via the Korean Peninsula, as a result Kami which means God in Japanese that becomes the paper. The first folding fan was made to develop from the fan, Baekseopsun in the end of Goryeo Dynasty. It was an outstanding application of paper folding crafts. Since the early Joseon Dynasty, paper flower folding has considered as the virtue of savings and has developed one of the Korean traditional paper arts. Paper folding has also developed in the practical uses like the other Korean paper arts but paper folding that was developed as seasonal customs, playing or religious purpose showed a different trend from Korean paper arts.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.31 no.10
• /
• pp.2877-2883
• /
• 2010

The folding kinetics of $WT^*$ ubiquitin variant with valine to alanine mutation at sequence position 26 (HubWA) was studied by stopped-flow fluorescence spectroscopy. While unfolding kinetics showed a single exponential phase, refolding reaction showed three exponential phases. The semi-logarithmic plot of urea concentration vs. rate constant for the first phase showed v-shape pattern while the second phase showed v-shape with roll-over effect at low urea concentration. The rate constant and the amplitude of the third phase were constant throughout the urea concentrations, suggesting that this phase represents parallel process due to the configurational isomerization. Interestingly, the first and second phases appeared to be coupled since the amplitude of the second phase increased at the expense of the amplitude of the first phase in increasing urea concentrations. This observation together with the roll-over effect in the second folding phase indicates the presence of intermediate state during the folding reaction of HubWA. Quantitative analysis of Hub-WA folding kinetics indicated that this intermediate state is on the folding pathway. Folding kinetics measurement of a mutant HubWA with hydrophobic core residue mutation, Val to Ala at residue position 17, suggested that the intermediate state has significant amount of native interactions, supporting the interpretation that the intermediate is on the folding pathway. It is considered that HubWA is a useful model protein to study the contribution of residues to protein folding process using folding kinetics measurements in conjunction with protein engineering.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.17 no.9
• /
• pp.808-813
• /
• 1996

To explore protein folding mechanism, we simulated a folding pathway in a simplified 3×3×3 cubic lattice. In the lattice folding Monte Carlo simulations, each of the 28 possible native packing pairs that exist in the native conformation was used as a conformational restraint. The native packing restraints in the lattice model could be considered as a disulfide linkage restraint in a real protein. The results suggest that proteins denatured with a small disulfide loop can, but not always, fold faster than proteins without any disulfide linkage and than proteins with a larger disulfide loop. The results also suggest that there is a rough correlation between loop size of the native packing restraint and folding time. That is, the order of native residue-residue packing interaction in protein folding is likely dependent on the residue-residue distance in primary sequence. The strength of monomer-monomer pairwise interaction is not important in the determination of the packing order in lattice folding. From the folding simulations of five strong folding lattice sequences, it was also found that the context encoded in the primary sequence, which we do not yet clearly understand, plays more crucial role in the determination of detailed folding kinetics. Our restrained lattice model approach would provide a useful strategy to the future protein folding experiments by suggesting a protein engineering for the fast or slow folding research.

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
• /
• v.53 no.1
• /
• pp.105-116
• /
• 2013

Based on the concept of the folding, the folding in X-direction and in Y-direction are defined and denoted by the X-Folding and the Y-Folding respectively. We consider a random variable X which follows a rectangular distribution "R(a, b) distribution" with two parameters a, b. This paper aims to apply the folding on the unit area P($a{\leq}X{\leq}b$) and also to study the proposed folding in each direction for R(a, b) distribution and the generated family of the corresponding constructed rectangular probability distributions. Some main properties of this family are reviewed. According to the proposed folding, we derive and discuss some important corresponding functions in closed forms.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
• /
• v.41 no.1
• /
• pp.44-51
• /
• 2009

Proper test methods and instruments for evaluating score or creasing crack have not been provided, although score crack trouble occurs frequently in manufacturing corrugated containers. Because existing creasability tester has the limitation of the available thickness of test piece and folding rate, it cannot be used for corrugated fiberboards with high thickness. In this study, we developed the laboratory test instrument and the method to determine the score or creasing crack of corrugated fiberboard. This instrument can evaluate folding resistance of corrugated board without restriction on the folding rate and thickness of specimen. Corrugated fiberboard had the different folding behavior from linerboard when it was creased. By using this test machine, score crack can be objectively determined by folding test piece to the certain folding angle with constant folding rate.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.73-88
• /
• 2012

There are practicality, ornamentality and symbolic in a folding fan among Western accessories, and that is a little tool to enhance the overall harmony of a dress. The purpose of this study was to examine Western folding fans in an effort to shed light on the history, culture, fashion and life of different ages in which folding fans had been used. It's specifically meant to look into the mentality of people who had used folding fans. The meaning and function of folding fans were investigated, and their diverse types and characteristics were analyzed. As a result, it's found that in the West, a folding fan was one of major accessories that had an inseparable relation to popular clothes in each age and were necessary for a perfect coordination. Folding fans had been used as ornaments for Western noble women since the 16th century. After a certain period of time passed by, the 18th century became the heyday of folding fans. At that time, folding fans were one of aesthetic art works that even served as a means of mental exchange.