• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.141-158
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• 1980

A geologic structure could be formed through various processes, because there are a number of factors which control the deformation of the Earth's crust. In geology, we could call it geological epistemology to describe exactly a geologic structure, and call it geological logics to infer logically the deforming process through which the geologic structure had been formed. Degree of legitimacy of geological logics depends upon the degree of exactness of geological epistemology. This study described quantitatively 3-dimensional Hambaek Syncline through computer analysis, and examined qualitatively into its deforming mechanism based on the results of 3-dimensional analysis of the structure. Input data for the computer analysis are dips and dip directions of bedding planes of the structure. The Hambaek Syncline disclose a minor fold group of NE-SW or NNE-SSW trend and a large scale fold of E-W trend. The conclusions of this study are as follows: (1) The fold of E-W trend is primary fold $(F_1)$ and the minor fold group of NE-SW or NNE-SSW trend secondary fold $(F_2)$. (2) Hambaek Syncline is cylindrical type fold. (3) Apparent axial trace of Hambaek syncline does not coincide with true axial trace. The apparent axial trace is $N70^{\circ}-80^{\circ}W$ in Gohan and Sabuk area, and changes to $N70^{\circ}-80^{\circ}E$ in the westward of the area, while the true axial trace is $N40^{\circ}-70^{\circ}W$ in the former, and $N60^{\circ}-80^{\circ}E$ in the latter area. (4) Westward dipping of axial plane of the minor fold group of NE-SW or NNE-SSW trend can be attributed to simple shear movements along overthrusts. (5) Angle between axial trace and the directional trace of the maximum principal compressive stress $({\sigma}_1)$ may not be perpendicular each other. The angle between them is governed by the following factors; 1) the plunge of fold axis 2) the dip of axial surface 3) cylindrisity (6) The mean axial trace of Hambaek Syncline $(F_1)$ is $N45.6^{\circ}W$, and the directional trace of ${\sigma}_1$ is $N52.4^{\circ}E$ (7) The mean axial trace of the minor fold group of NE-SW or NNE-SSW trend $(F_2)$ is $N21^{\circ}E$, and the directional trace of ${\sigma}_1$ is $N22^{\circ}W$.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.24-31
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to determine which of several crutch-fitting techniques best predicts ideal crutch length. Ideal crutch length is defined as the length of the crutch, including accessories, obtained during stance when the crutch tip is 6 inches (15.2 cm) lateral and 6 inches(15.2 cm) anterior to the fifth toe and the axillary pad is 2.5 inches(6.4 cm) below the axillary fold. Forty four volunteers were measured for crutches using each of the following methods:(1) 77% of actual height, (2) actual height minus 40.6 cm, (3) actual height minus 45.7 cm, (4) olecranon to opposite third finger tip, (5) olecranon to opposite fifth finger tip, (6) 77% of arm span, (7) arm span minus 40.6 cm, (8) anterior axillary fold to heel plus 5.1 cm, (9) anterior axillary fold to heel plus 10.2 cm, (10) ideal crutch length. Of the techniques studied, the two involving anterior axillary fold to heel were found to be good predictors: anterior axillary fold to heel plus 5.1 cm and anterior axillary fold to heel plus 10.2 cm. Finally, two additional length estimates were derived using linear regression analyses. These estimates provided the best overall predictors based on anterior axillary fold to heel and actual height.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.1365-1374
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• 2014

Thirteen analogs of tridecapeptide ${\alpha}$-factor (WHWLQLKPGQPMY) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with C- or N-terminal Trp extension and isosteric replacement by Aib at position 8 and 11, Trp at position 13, D-Ala at position 9, and Orn and Glu at position 6 were synthesized and assayed for their biological activity. Receptor binding assay was carried out using our newly developed spectrophotometric method with detector peptide 14. C- or N-terminal extended analogs, ${\alpha}$-factor-$[Trp]_n$ (n =1-5) 1-5 and $[N-Trp]_1$-${\alpha}$-factor 6, were all less active than native ${\alpha}$-factor and gradual decreases in both activity and receptor affinity were observed with greater Trp extension. Trp-substituted analog at position 13, $[Trp^{13}]{\alpha}$-factor 7, exhibited about 2-fold reductions in both activity and receptor affinity. Aib-substituted analogs, $[Aib^8]{\alpha}$-factor 8 and $[Aib^{11}]{\alpha}$-factor 9, showed 5- to 10-fold reduction in activity as well as 3-fold reduction in receptor affinity compared to native ${\alpha}$-factor. $[Orn^6]{\alpha}$-factor 10 demonstrated strong potency with a 7.0-fold increase in halo activity as well as 1.8-fold increase in receptor affinity compared to native ${\alpha}$-factor. For two double substituted analogs, [$Glu^6,{\small{D}}-Ala^9$]${\alpha}$-factor 12 showed the slightly decreased potency in halo activity compared to analog 10, whereas [$Orn^6,{\small{D}}-Ala^9$]${\alpha}$-factor 11 exhibited 15-fold higher halo activity as well as nearly 3-fold higher receptor affinity compared to native ${\alpha}$-factor.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.1127-1132
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• 2012

Nargenicin $A_1$ is a 28-membered polyketide macrolide, with antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, produced by Nocardia sp. CS682. In this study, the production of nargenicin $A_1$ was improved by enhancing the supply of different biosynthetic precursors. In Nocardia sp. CS682 (KCTC11297BP), this improvement was ~4.62-fold with the supplementation of 30 mM methyl oleate, 4.25-fold with supplementation of 15mM sodium propionate, and 2.81-fold with supplementation of 15 mM sodium acetate. In Nocardia sp. metK18 and Nocardia sp. CS682 expressing S-adenosylmethionine synthetase (MetK), the production of nargenicin $A_1$ was improved by ~5.57-fold by supplementation with 30 mM methyl oleate, 5.01-fold by supplementation with 15 mM sodium propionate, and 3.64-fold by supplementation with 15 mM sodium acetate. Furthermore, supplementing the culture broth of Nocardia sp. ACC18 and Nocardia sp. CS682 expressing the acetyl-CoA carboxylase complex (AccA2 and AccBE) with 30 mM methyl oleate, 15 mM sodium propionate, or 15 mM sodium acetate resulted in ~6.99-, 6.46-, and 5.58-fold increases, respectively, in nargenicin $A_1$ production. Our overall results showed that among the supplements, methyl oleate was the most effective precursor supporting the highest titers of nargenicin $A_1$ in Nocardia sp. CS682, Nocardia sp. metK18, and Nocardia sp. ACC18.

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2016

Purpose: Wnt signaling plays an essential role in the dental epithelium and mesenchyme during tooth morphogenesis. Deletion of the Wntless (Wls) gene in odontoblasts appears to reduce canonical Wnt activity, leading to inhibition of odontoblast maturation. However, it remains unclear if autonomous Wnt ligands are necessary for differentiation of dental pulp cells into odontoblast-like cells to induce reparative dentinogenesis, one of well-known feature of pulp repair to form tertiary dentin. Materials and Methods: To analyze the autonomous role of Wls for differentiation of dental pulp cells into odontoblast-like cells, we used primary dental pulp cells from unerupted molars of Wls-floxed allele mouse after infection with adenovirus for Cre recombinase expression to knockout the floxed Wls gene or control GFP expression. The differentiation of dental pulp cells into odontoblast-like cells was analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Result: Proliferation rate was significantly decreased in dental pulp cells with Cre expression for Wls knockout. The expression levels of Osterix (Osx), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), and nuclear factor I-C (Nfic) were all significantly decreased by 0.3-fold, 0.2-fold, and 0.3-fold respectively in dental pulp cells with Wls knockout. In addition, the expression levels of Bsp, Col1a1, Opn, and Alpl were significantly decreased by 0.7-fold, 0.3-fold, 0.8-fold, and 0.6-fold respectively in dental pulp cells with Wls knockout. Conclusion: Wnt ligands produced autonomously are necessary for proper proliferation and odontoblastic differentiation of mouse dental pulp cells toward further tertiary dentinogenesis.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.15
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• pp.6445-6449
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• 2015

Background: NSCLC is a disease involving uncontrolled cell growth, which could result in metastases into nearby tissues beyond the lungs. Materials and Methods: The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene expression on metastasis and survival in NSCLC patients. The present case-control study included 100 cases of NSCLC patients and 100 age and sex matched controls. EGFR gene expression was analyzed by quantitative real time PCR using serum RNA. Association with NSCLC patient survival was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: We analyzed EGFR gene expression and observed mean increased gene expression of 13.5 fold in NSCLC patients. Values reflected overall survival of patients with a median of 15.8 months in the cases of <13 fold increased gene expression vs 6.7 months with >13 fold increased EGFR gene expression (p=0.005). Distant metastatic patients with <13 fold increased EGFR gene expression had 7.9 months of median survival time while>13 fold increased EGFR gene expression had only 5 months of median survival time (p=0.03). Non metastatic patients with <13 fold increased EGFR gene expression had 18 months of median survival time as compared to only 7.1 months with >13 fold increased expression. Conclusions: Higher cell free EGFR mRNA expression may play an important role in causing distant metastases and reducing overall survival of NSCLC patients in the Indian population.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.53-64
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• 1990

This study was carried out to develop the traditional korean paper changphanji from the bast fiber of paper mulberry The results obtained were as follows: 1. The variations in the basis weight were remarkable, but there were no significant adverse effects on the tensile strength and thickness. 2. The stamping have contributed to the improvement of smoothness and the control of thickness. The automatic pressing system recommended to obtain good control of thickness. 3. The average density of the traditional korean paper changphanji was 1.06g/$cm^3$. 4. The changphanji developed in this study gave a clude, but excellent toughness and warm feeling. Some fiber lumps, dark spots and bamboo, screen marks were also obserded. 5. The tensile strength of four-fold sheet changphanji is highest and those of two-fold sheet changphanji is lowest. the lengthwise tensile strength was higher than crosswise one due to the fiber. 6. The elongation of three-fold sheet changphanji was highest 7. The water absorption of all products ranged from 11.3g/$m^2$ to 17.5g/$m^2$. 8. The wight loss by abrasion was 34.0%(four-fold sheet) 31.6%(three fold sheet), 31.0% (two-fold sheet)respectively. 9. Based on the results obtained. tensile strength and elongation, the four-fold sheet was excellent. the use of the bast fiber of paper mulberry as a raw material is attractive point which can not obtained from the commercial changphanji made from other raw materials.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.126-132
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• 2011

Background and Objectives : Vocal fold paresis is a clinical condition and considered as a continuum of neurologic dysfunction encompassing partial denervation and variable degrees and patterns of reinnervation. Its incidence, clinical presentation, significance are incompletely understood and still debated. This study describes the clinical, electromyographic findings in patients who presented with complaints of dysphonia and whose laryngoscopic finding revealed vocal fold paresis. Materials and Method : 47 patients (male : 25, female : 22) who referred to Ewha Womans University Medical Center Voice clinic for evaluation of vocal complaints were enrolled in this study. All patients had undergone a through history and physical examination including strobovideoscopic and laryngoscopic examination. Patients with in the history and/or laryngoscopic examination suggestive of vocal fold paresis were evaluated by laryngeal electromyography (LEMG). Results : Of these patients, 23 (48.9%) were found to have evidence of neuropathy on LEMG. There was no significant difference in voice symptoms and laryngoscopic findings between two groups of patients with evidence of neuropathy and who show normal findings on LEMG. Conclusion : LEMG can clinically help to guide the evaluation and management of vocal fold paresis. Due to some limitations of LEMG, laryngoscopic findings and clinical correlations should also be considered when diagnosing the vocal fold paresis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2002

Background and Objectives : The vocal fold nodules which were made by excessive contact or vibration of the vocal folds were classified to the soft nodule and the hard nodule in according to the hardness or the duration of nodule. Sometimes laryngologist saw the nodule to be located in different level. Authors thought that each nodule to be located in different level might have the different causes. Therefore we studied to know the relationship between the voicing technique and each vocal fold nodule to be located in different level. Materials and Methods : One-hundred forty nine patients who had the vocal fold nodule were evaluated. Sites and shapes of the vocal fold nodules were investigated using videostroboscopy. Videokymography was also used to scan the center of the vocal fold nodules during phonation and classified to several types. Same procedures were done on normal subject while he simulated the various types of voicing. And we compared the findings between both of them. Three different types of lesion can be distinguished. These are ML group that lesions were located from mid to low, MH group that lesions were located from mid to upper and HL group that lesions were located from lower to upper of the vocal folds. Results : The VKG findings of ML group and situation simulating with hard glottal attack and vocal fry were similar. MH group had a similar VKG findings with situation simulating with whispering or high pitch voicing. HL group had a similar VKG findings with situation simulating with loud voicing. Conclusions : Authors thought that each vocal fold nodule, which had different shapes and located in different level, related with the different types of voicing.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.153-161
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• 2020

Cytochrome P450(CYP) gene is involved in the biotransformation of drugs and environmental pollutants. In this study, we analyzed the nucleotide sequence of the Anguilla japonica CYP1(AjCYP1) family gene and examined the relative expression of AjCYP1A, AjCYP1B and AjCYP1C1 in response to the exposure to environmental pollutants. After exposure to B[a]P 20mg/kg bw, the expression of AjCYP1 family gene increased over time. Among four tissues examined (liver, spleen, gill and kidney), AjCYP1 family gene was expressed significantly in the kidney. Compared with the control group, AjCYP1A was expressed about 5-fold at 48 hr, AjCYP1B about 6-fold at 24 hr, and AjCYP1C1 about 4-fold at 24 hr. However, after exposure to B[a]P 200mg/kg bw, AjCYP1A did not change in all tissues. On the other hand, AjCYP1B was expressed at about 4-fold at 24 hr in the spleen and 4-fold at 48 hr in the gill. Finally AjCYP1C1 was expressed 3.7-fold and 4.3-fold in the spleen and kidneys at 48 hr, respectively. Taken together, our results suggest that the expression of AjCYP1 gene in eel tissues might be used as a useful tool to assess the exposure to environmental pollutants in aquaculture system.