• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.413-418
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• 2017

In the present study, silica-aerogel-polyurethane foams were synthesized to improve the mechanical characteristics and insulation performance of the polyurethane foam applied to a liquefied natural gas carrier at a cryogenic temperature of $-163^{\circ}C$. A silica-aerogel-polyurethane foam bulk was prepared using a homogenizer by varying the weight ratio of the silica aerogel (0, 1, 3, and 5 wt%), while maintaining the contents of the polyol, isocyanate, and blowing agent constant. Compression tests were performed at room and cryogenic temperatures to compare the mechanical properties of the silica-aerogel polyurethane foams. The internal temperature of the universal testing machine was maintained through the cryogenic chamber. The thermal conductivity of the silica-aerogel-polyurethane foam was measured using a heat flow meter to confirm the insulation performance. In addition, the effect of the silica aerogels on the cells of the polyurethane foam was investigated using FE-SEM and FTIR. From the experimental results, the 1 wt% silica aerogel polyurethane foam showed outstanding mechanical and thermal performances.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.14-21
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• 2001

To increase the properties of EVA foam such as tensile strength, rebound resilience, and compression set, ethylene-1-butene copolymer (EtBC) was blended with EVA. After that crosslink characteristics of the blends and cell structures and mechanical properties of the foam were studied. As the amount of EtBC increased in EVA/EtBC blends, torque values of oscillating disc rheometer(ODR) increased and the foaming ratio decreased because the viscosity and crosslink density of EVA/EtBC blends increased. Foaming ratio and cell size of the foam increased by increasing the amount of foaming agent. When compared the mechanical properties of the foam which have same densities, tensile strength, rebound resilience, and compression set properties of the foam were improved by increasing the amount of EtBC in the EVA/EtBC blends.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.503-516
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• 2021

Autonomous fire detection and suppression system requires advanced technology for complex detection technology and injection/control technology for accurate hitting by fire location. Also, foam spraying should be included to respond to oil fires. However, when a single spray monitor is used in common, water and foam spray properties appear different, so for accurate fire suppression, research on the spray trajectory and distance will be required. In this study, experimental studies and numerical analysis studies were combined to analyze the foam spray characteristics through the spray monitor developed for the establishment of an autonomous fire extinguishing system. For flow analysis of foam injection, modeling was performed using OpenFOAM analysis software, and the commonly used foaming agent (Aqueous Film-Forming Foam) was applied for foam properties. The injection distance analysis was performed according to the injection pressure and the injection angle according to the form of the foam, and at the same time, the results were verified and presented through the injection experiment.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.402-406
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• 2006

New antibacterial Polyurethane foams for car seat with Urushiol extracted from a natural lacquer were prepared. Influences of antibacterial agent's concentration on the reactivity with isocyanate and the mechanical properties of foams were investigated. It was observed that the urethane formation reaction was delayed a little when the amount of Urushiol was increased. However, the foams made using Urushiol showed similar property to the neat polyurethane foam. In terms of antibacterial property, the foams prepared with Urushiol showed better performance than the neat polyurethane foam.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.86-91
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• 2016

This paper is concerned chiefly with the method of porous foam manufacture using basalt stone powder sludge. The hydrogen peroxide($H_2O_2$) of bloating agent has lots of problems to manufacture porous lightweight aggregate due to fast reaction rate with cement or calcium hydroxide($Ca(OH)_2$). The $H_2O_2$ injecting method using nozzle for manufacturing porous lightweight aggregate is proposed, in this study. This method is to inject $H_2O_2$ at the pressure of 10 MPa on upper side of slurry mixing materials such as stone powder sludge and quick-lime(CaO) by injector. The specimen was dried in furnace at $100^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour and cured at ambient temperature for 30 days. We analyzed the characteristics including specific gravity and water absorption. The experiments were found that the porous foam has low specific gravity, high water absorption and uniform distribution of porous more than manufactured foam by general bloating methods.

• Composites Research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.47-52
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• 2005

Pultrusion process of phenolic foam composite is investigated. Phenolic foam composites provide heat and flame resistance with less weight. When made into foam, a variety of properties can be obtained with different bubble size and number density. In this study, effect of process variables on the foaming characteristics of phenolic resin composites during pultrusion process has been studied experimentally. The process variables considered are the heating temperature and the pulling speed as well as the mass fraction of blowing agent. Experiments were performed using a laboratory scale pultrusion apparatus. Optimal process condition was found by observing the micro-morphology.

• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 2003.09b
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• pp.369-369
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• 2003

Viscarin is a tradename given to viscosifying carrageenans manufactured by FMC BioPolymer. The suitability of Vis car ins as rheology agents in mild cleansing applications has been investigated. Rheological properties, foam volume and clarity were measured to determine the impact of including 1 % Viscarin on 10% solutions of the following surfactants: acylglutamate, cocoamidopropyl betaine, PEG-80 laurate, sodium lauryl sulphate and sodium lauryol sarcosinate. Viscosity, pseudoplasticity and thixotropy of Viscarin/surfactant solutions varied with surfactant type. In all cases, the addition of Viscarin substantially increased viscosity. For example, at a shear rate of 1 sol, all surfactant solutions had viscosities <0.1 Pa s while viscosities of Viscarin/surfactant solutions ranged from 10 to 60 Pa s. By comparison, a solution of 1 % Viscarin had a viscosity of 0.3 Pa s. Clarity of surfactant solutions decreased in all cases on the addition of Viscarin. However, it was found that by including a mild solubilizing surfactant, such as PEG 40 hydrogenated castor oil, crystal clarity could be maintained in Viscarin/surfactant solutions. Viscarin increased the foam volume of sodium lauryolsarcosinate solutions from 10 ml to 220 ml and had no impact on the foam volume of the other surfactants tested. These results were used to formulate a clear, ultra-mild foaming cleansing gel based on sodium lauryol sarcosinate and Viscarin without the need for a secondary, foam-boasting surfactant. A mild shampoo was also formulated. Both products have excellent skin-feel and are capable of suspending bubbles and solid inclusions.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.323-329
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• 2023

There are many types of foam molding methods. The most commonly used methods are the pressure foaming method, in which foam resin is mixed with a foaming agent at high temperature and high pressure, and the normal pressure foaming method, which foams at high temperature without pressure. The polymer resins used for foaming have different viscosities. For foaming under normal pressure, they need to be designed and analyzed for optimal foaming conditions, to obtain resins with low melt-viscosity or a narrow optimal viscosity range. This study investigated how changes in viscosity, molding temperature, and cross-link foaming conditions affected the characteristics of the molded foam, prepared by blending rubber polymer with biodegradable resin. The morphologies of cross sections and the cell structures of the normal pressure foam were investigated by SEM analysis. Properties were also studied according to cross-link/foaming conditions and torque. Also, the correlation between foaming characteristics was studied by analyzing tensile strength and elongation, which are mechanical properties of foaming composites.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.64-79
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• 2024

The rise in popularity of vegetarian and plant-based diets has led to extensive research into plant-based whipped creams. Whipped cream is an oil-in-water emulsion that creates foam through whipping, stabilizing the foam with proteins and fats. Pea protein is an excellent emulsifier and foaming agent among plant-based proteins, but its application in whipped cream is currently limited. The objective of this study was to investigate the quality characteristics of plant-based whipped cream made with ultrasonicated pea protein. The whipped creams were evaluated based on their quality characteristics. A commercially available dairy whipped cream (CON) was used as a control. Plant-based creams were evaluated using pea protein solution, cocoa butter, and canola oil to produce un-ultrasonicated pea protein whipped cream (PP) and ultrasonicated pea protein whipped cream (UPP) at 360 W for 6 min. UPP significantly reduced whipping time and foam drainage compared with CON and PP, resulting in significantly increased overrun, fat destabilization, and hardness. Optical microscopy showed that UPP had smaller fat globules and bubble size than PP. The fat globules of UPP and CON were mostly below 5 ㎛, whereas those of PP were distributed at 5-20 ㎛. Finally, ultrasonication significantly improved the overrun, foam drainage, fat destabilization, and hardness of UPP, which are significant quality characteristics of whipped creams. Therefore, ultrasonicated plant-based pea protein whipped cream is believed to be a viable alternative to dairy whipped cream.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.8-14
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• 2013

This research is to evaluate the fire extinguishing performance at a mixing ratio of pressurized air in the fire extinguishing system of compressed air foam (CAF) which injects compressed air into foam liquid and then discharging. The experimental device is made use of exclusive foam extinguishing facility for compressed air foam that is produces based on Canada National Laboratory and UL 162 standard, apply model of oil fire (B Class) 20 unit in accordance with "Standard of Model Approval and Product Inspection for Fire Extinguishing Agent" to the fire Extinguishing model. Compressed air is injected through the air mixture and study the tendency depending on increasing air foam ratio 1 : 4, 1 : 7, 1 : 10. In addition, the comparison experiments between synthetic surfactants foam and AFFF carry out with it at the air foam ratio 1 : 4. As a result, in the condition of same discharging flow, fire extinguishing effect of AFFF is the fastest at the air foam ratio 1 : 7 and the slowest at 1 : 10. Moreover, the fire extinguishing effect of AFFF in the comparison expeiments between AFFF and synthetic surfactants foam is faster than the other.