• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.598-609
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• 2014

The increased use of online shopping by older consumers means that online retailers need to consider older consumers when designing websites. We investigated the specific characteristics of commercial websites (i.e., perceptual fluency) through an online experiment. Guided by perceptual fluency and affect optimization literature, hypotheses highlighting older consumers' responses to websites were proposed and tested. Results confirmed that older consumers (in their 50s) are more generous in evaluating online retailers' websites than younger consumers (in their 20s) and that responses to websites are dependent on perceptual fluency. The findings are consistent with previous research and provide additional support for theories that deal with an online apparel shopping context. Practical implications and limitations are discussed.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.159-168
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to assess the speech rate, fluency and the type of dysfluencies of normal adults in order to provide a basic data of normal speaking. The number of subjects of this study were 30(14 females and 16 males), and their ages ranged 17 to 36. The rate was measured as syllables per minute (SPM). The speech rates in reading ranged 273-426 with a mean of 348 SPM and in speaking ranges 118-409 (mean=265). The average of their fluencies was 99.1% in reading and 96.9% in speaking. The rater reliability of speech rate in the data assessed by video was very high (r=0.98) and the rater reliability of speech fluency was moderately high (r=0.67). The disfluency types were also analysed from 150 disfluency episodes. Syllable repetition and word interjection were the most common disfluent types.

• Korean Linguistics
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• v.81
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• pp.245-265
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to prepare the basis for a more objective evaluation of oral fluency by analyzing Korean native speaker's utterance. Traditionally, fluency evaluation tended to rely on the evaluators' experience and subjective idea. Therefore, there has been a need of setting the evaluation standard in numeric form that is easily measurable. In this study, I will analyze Korean native speaker's utterance in focus of pause. Total number of 875 pauses were extracted from the 21st Century Sejong Korean spoken corpus, and the elements before and after the pauses were annotated. From the analysis results, the pauses were divided between fluent pauses and influent pauses. If the length of fluent pauses do not exceed reasonable length of pause for native Korean speakers, there was no point reduction. On the other hand, if the influent pauses are made more frequently than the native Korean speakers, then it is subject to point reduction.

• Research in Mathematical Education
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-27
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• 2021

For elementary school children, learning the standard multiplication algorithm with accuracy, clarity, consistency, and efficiency is a daunting task. Nonetheless, what should be our expectation in procedural fluency, for example, in finding the product of 25 and 37 among fifth grade students? Collectively, has the mathematics education community emphasized the value of conceptual understanding to the detriment of procedural fluency? In addition to examining these questions, we survey multiplication algorithms throughout history and in textbooks and reconceptualize the standard multiplication algorithm by using a new tool called the Multiplication Aid Template.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.269-276
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• 2013

This study was aimed of the effects of the Parent's Gestalt Speech Intervention for stuttering development of Fluency disorder Child. The Parent's Gestalt Speech Intervention was made up of a program understand phase, an awareness phase, a change phase and, finally, an arrangement and termination phase. The subjects 6 (female 2, male 4) of this research were developed a stuttering behavior without any apparent neurological damage or other speech or developmental impediments. To access their stuttering behaviors, I used methods for observing levels of behavioral in each phase. The results of the study are as follows: In regard to stuttering behavior, word repetition frequency decreased in the interim assessments, showing that the learning of fluent speech was acquired early in the therapy process. In conclusion, the results of the study show that Parent's Gestalt Speech Intervention for stuttering development of Fluency disorder Child.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.50 no.8
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• pp.65-77
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• 2012

This study aimed to investigate how mothers' Korean fluency and children's experiences in child-care centers influenced the communication ability of children from multi-cultural families. The subjects were 600 children from multi-cultural families who enrolled in child-care centers in Gyeonggi province, their mothers, and 350 teachers caring for these children. The data were collected by administrating a questionnaire and analyzed with descriptive statistics and hierarchical regressions. The results of this study were as follows. The mothers' Korean fluency, number of years children had attended child-care centers, and language guidance provided by child-care centers for children from multi-cultural families all had positive effects on children's general and oral communication ability. On the other hand, the number of years that the children had attended child-care centers had no significant effect on the children's written communication ability, but the mothers' Korean fluency and language guidance provided by child-care centers for children from multi-cultural families had positive effects on children's written communication ability. Finally, the mothers' Korean fluency moderated the effects of children's child-care experiences on their communication ability. Specifically, the more fluent the mothers' Korean, the stronger the effects of children's child-care experiences on their communication ability.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.1-11
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• 2021

The domestic content market has grown continuously. Furthermore, content consumption has rapidly increased in the COVID-19 era. For these reasons, it is necessary to investigate consumer behavior related to content business. This study focuses on content names as a key factor that induces consumers' interest in the content. In particular, this research examines if the conceptual fluency of the content name affects consumers' liking for the content. In addition, it explores the moderating effect of style of information processing (verbalizer vs. visualizer). The results of an experiment shows that the conceptual fluency on the content name is positively influential for liking content. Also, there was a significant interaction effect between verbalizers and conceptual fluency on content name. This study has important findings in terms of content marketing strategies. Above all, it has strong points because this research examines the style of information processing as an important consumer characteristic variable.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.45-51
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• 2023

Voice issues such as voice weakness that arise with age can have social and emotional impacts, potentially leading to feelings of isolation and depression. This study aimed to investigate the changes in acoustic characteristics resulting from aging, focusing on voice quality and spoken fluency. To this end, tasks involving sustained vowel phonation and paragraph reading were recorded for 20 elderly and 20 young participants. Voice-quality-related variables, including F0, jitter, shimmer, and Cepstral Peak Prominence (CPP) values, were analyzed along with speech-fluency-related variables, such as average syllable duration (ASD), articulation rate (AR), and speech rate (SR). The results showed that in voice quality-related measurements, F0 was higher for the elderly and voice quality was diminished, as indicated by increased jitter, shimmer, and lower CPP levels. Speech fluency analysis also demonstrated that the elderly spoke more slowly, as indicated by all ASD, AR, and SR measurements. Correlation analysis between voice quality and speech fluency showed a significant relationship between shimmer and CPP values and between ASD and SR values. This suggests that changes in spoken fluency can be identified early by measuring the variations in voice quality. This study further highlights the reciprocal relationship between voice quality and spoken fluency, emphasizing that deterioration in one can affect the other.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.51-66
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• 2022

This study aims to help Korean English learners to learn English pronunciation by revealing which suprasegmentals affect the implementation of English sentences closer to native English speakers when they read English sentences. To this end, Korean middle school English learners were selected as subjects and research data were gathered through sentence types (declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamative), as well as syllables. Speech rate, pause frequency, pause duration, F0 range, and rhythm among suprasegmentals were used for analysis of these English sentence utterances. Mean analysis, correlation analysis, and regression analysis were performed. The results showed that speech rate, pause frequency, pause duration, and F0 range affected the evaluation of fluency levels. In the regression analysis between all suprasegmentals and fluency levels, the suprasegmentals that most affected fluency levels were speech rate and F0 range. Rhythm had no meaningful relation with fluency levels. Therefore, when teaching English pronunciation, it is necessary to teach students to increase their speech rate and F0 range. In addition, students should be trained to reduce both the number and the duration of pauses during utterance to improve their fluency. It is noteworthy that of the four sentence types, exclamative sentences were produced with faster speech rate, fewer pauses, shorter pause duration, and higher rhythm values.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.147-169
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• 2016

This study analyzes the mathematical creativity test as an illustrative example with scoring domains of fluency, flexibility and originality in order to make suggestions for obtaining maximum reliability based on a composite score depending on combinations of each scoring domain weights. This is done by performing a multivariate generalizability analysis on the test scores, which were allowed to access publicly, of 30 mathematically gifted elementary school students, and therefore error variances, generalizability coefficients, and effective weights have been calculated. The main results were as follows. First, the optimal weights should adjust to .5, .4, and .1 based on the maximum generalizability coefficient even though the original weights in the mathematical creativity test were equal for each scoring domain with fluency, flexibility and originality. Second, the mathematical creativity test using the three scoring domains of fluency, flexibility, and originality showed higher reliability than using one scoring domain such as fluency. These results are limited to the mathematical creativity test used in this study. However, the methodology applied in this study can help determine the optimal weights depending on each scoring domain when the tests constructed in various researchers or educational fields are composed of multiple scoring domains.