• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 1999

Dry weights of leaves, stem and floral organs of 15-year-old Tilia amurensis RUPR., were measured twice on 1 June and 20 August 1995 to examine the difference in biomass production between the reproductive and vegetative twigs which are morphologically neighboring and alternative. The following results were obtained : (1) The biomass of the reproductive twigs was greater than that of the vegetative twigs in both June and August. (2) The ratio of stem to total biomass in the reproductive and the vegetative twigs was greater in August than that in June, while the ratio of leaf biomass was greater in June than that in August. The ratio of floral organ to the total biomass in the reproductive twigs was 14.6% and 27.1% in June and August, respectively. (3) The total twig biomass per leaf biomass was greater in the reproductive twigs than that in the vegetative twigs in both June and August. (4) Net assimilation rate in the floral organs showed 21% of that in the leaves in June and 37% in August.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 1988

This experiment was carried out to obtain the basic information for the improving of leaf quality by topping time and depth in flue-cured tobacco. Development of palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma were in order of button stage＆gt;early flower stage＆gt;late flower stage by topping time, and were in order of 4th leaf topping from floral axis＆gt;2nd leaf topping from floral axis＆gt;floral axis by topping depth. When 2nd leaf from floral axis were topped at late flower stage in A grade field and at early flower stage in B grade field, total sugar to nicotine ratio ralating to organoleptic characteristics were desirable as 9.0 and 9.7, and petroleum ether extract contents relating flavor of flue-cured tobacco were high as 9.9% and 8.4%, respectively. In ecological tissue, percentage of direct effect on quality were 43.2% in palisade parenchyma. 26.5% in spongy parechyma. 17.7% in tissue ratio, 6.7% in leaf thickness, 3.1% in intercellular space, 2.8% in leaf type and in chemical components, were 40.6% in nicotine. 35.7% in T-sugar/nicotine, 10.0% in total sugar, 7.0% in T-nitrogen/nicotine, 4.6% in total nitrogen, 2.1% in petroleum ether extract. The optimum topping depth were desirable at topping under second leaf from floral axis at late flower stage in A grade field and at early flower stage in B grade field for good leaf quality.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.166-172
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• 2019

BACKGROUND: Increase in the ratio of small berries in blueberry production decreases the farmers' profits due to weakening market competitiveness and lowering harvest efficiency. One of the reasons for increased small berries is over fruit-load. For improving productivity and competitiveness of blueberry in Korea, hand-thinning can be applied to increase fruit quality before the developing adequate chemical thinning methods. This study was conducted to investigate the proper timing and methods for floral buds thinning in rabbiteye blueberry. METHODS AND RESULTS: Eight years old bushes of rabbiteye bluberries 'Brightwell' as a primary cultivar and 'Powderblue' as a pollinizer were used for this study. Fruit size distribution by leaf-to-fruit ratio was investigated by counting the number of leaves and fruits in canes of 127 'Brightwell' plants whose fruit set varied. Fifty percent of flowers/floral buds were removed in four different floral buds stages such as bud swell, late pink bud, full bloom, and petal fall, and the consumed time for thinning and fruit characteristics were recorded to investigate the effect and proper timing of floral buds thinning. Fruit weight and soluble solids content tended to increase in proportion to leaf-to-fruit ratio and the production of the number of fruits less than 13 mm in diameter decreased when leaf-to-fruit ratio was more than 2.5. Manual floral buds thinning by hands was fastest in full bloom stage and slowest in bud swelling stage. In all cultivars, fruit size was significantly smaller in non-thinning treatment than thinning, and there was, however, no significant difference in total fruit yield. The number of fruits less than 13 mm in diameter increased in both cultivars as floral buds thinning was delayed. Consumed time for picking 90% berries out of total berries per bush was shortest in full bloom stage thinning in 'Brightwell' and bud swelling, full bloom thinning in 'Powderblue'. These were 25 and 20 days faster than no thinning, respectively. CONCLUSION: Although the effect of floral buds thinning varied depending on the cultivars, our results confirmed that floral buds thinning was effective for the early intensive harvesting and the increase of the large fruit ratio and the harvesting productivity. Also, in order to increase thinning efficiency, it is recommended to remove the flower buds before the full bloom stage.

• Agribusiness and Information Management
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to develop a growth prediction model that can predict growth and development information influencing the production of citrus fruits: the growth model algorithm that can predict floral leaf ratio, number of fruit sets, fruit width, and overweight depending on the main period of growth and development with consideration of the applied weather factors. Every year, large scale of manpower was mobilized to investigate the production of outdoor-grown citrus fruits, but it was limited to recycling the data without an observation supporting system to systemize the database. This study intends to create a systematical database based on the basic data obtained through the observation supporting system in application of an algorithm according to the accumulated long term data and prepare a base for its continuous improvement and development. The importance of the observed data is increasingly recognized every year, and the citrus fruit observation supporting system is important for utilizing an effective policy and decision making according to various applications and analysis results through an interconnection and an integration of the investigated statistical data. The citrus fruit is a representative crop having a great ripple effect in Jeju agriculture. An early prediction of the growth and development information influencing the production of citrus fruits may be helpful for decision making in supply and demand control of agricultural products.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.201-206
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: Kiwifruit, which was introduced to Korea in late 1970s, is a warm-temperate fruit tree, whose leaves are easily damaged by wind because of their large size. To produce high quality fruits, efficient windbreak is necessary to protect leaves until harvest. In Korea, typhoons from July onwards usually influence the production of kiwifruit. Damages from typhoons include low fruit quality in the current year and low flowering ratio the following year. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of early defoliation of kiwifruit vines from July to October on the regrowth of shoot axillary buds the current year and bud break and flowering the following year. METHODS AND RESULTS: Scions of kiwifruit cultivar 'Goldrush' were veneer grafted onto five-year-old Actinidia deliciosa rootstocks, planted in Wagner pots (13L) and grown in a rain shelter. Kiwifruit leaves in the proximity of leaf stalk were cut by lopping shears to simulate mechanical damage from typhoon since only leaf stalks were left when kiwifruit vines were damaged by typhoons. Kiwifruit vines were defoliated from July 15 to October 14 with one monthintervals and degrees of defoliation were 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%. All experiments were conducted in the rain shelter and replicated at least five times. Defoliation in July 15 resulted in a high regrowth ratio of 20-40% regardless of degree of defoliation but that in August 16 showed only 5.8% of regrowth ratio in the no defoliation treatment; however, more than 25% of defoliation in August 16 showed 17-23% of regrowth ratio. In September 15, regrowth ratio decreased further to less than 10% in all treatments and no regrowth was observed in October 14. Percent bud break of all defoliation treatments were not significant in comparison to 64.7% in no defoliation except for 42.1% and 42.9% in 100% defoliation in July 15 and August 16, respectively. Floral shoot in the no defoliation treatment was 70.2% and defoliation of 50% or less resulted in the same or increased floral shoot ratio in July 15, August 16, and September 15; however, defoliation in October 14 showed no difference in all treatments. In flower number per floral shoot, 2-3 flowers appeared in no defoliation and only 1 flower was observed when the vines were defoliated more than 50% in July 15 and September 15. In October 14, contrary to the floral shoot ratio, flower number decreased with increased defoliation. CONCLUSION(S): Therefore, it is suggested that dormancy of 'Goldrush' axillary buds, was started in August and completed in October. The effect of defoliation on bud break of axillary buds the following year was insignificant, except for 100% defoliation in July 15 and August 16. From July 15 to September 15, floral bud ratio was significantly reduced when more than 50% of leaves were defoliated compared to no defoliation. Also, the number of flowers per flower-bearing shoot the following year decreased by less than 50% when compared to no defoliation, and this decrease was more prominent in September 15 than July 15 and August 16.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.137-142
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• 2003

The morphology of the leaves and the flowers of angiosperms exhibit remarkable diversity. One of the factors showing the greatest variability of leaf organs is the leaf index, namely, the ratio of leaf length to leaf width. In some cases, different varieties of a single species or closely related species can be distinguished by differences in leaf index. To some extent, the leaf index reflects the morphological adaptation of leaves to a particular environment. In addition, the growth of leaf organs is dependent on the extent of the expansion of leaf cells and on cell proliferation in the cellular level. The rates of the division and enlargement of leaf cells at each stage contribute to the final shape of the leaf, and play important roles throughout leaf development. Thus, the control of leaf shape is related to the control of the shape of cells and the size of cells within the leaf. The shape of flower also reflects the shape of leaf, since floral organs are thought to be a derivative of leaf organs. No good tools have been available for studies of the mechanisms that underlie such biodiversity. However, we have recently obtained some information about molecular mechanisms of leaf morphogenesis as a result of studies of leaves of the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. For example, the ANGUSTIFOLIA (AN) gene, a homolog of animal CtBP genes, controls leaf width. AN appears to regulate the polar elongation of leaf cells via control of the arrangement of cortical microtubules. By contrast, the ROTUNDIFOLIA3 (ROT3) gene controls leaf length via the biosynthesis of steroid(s). We provide here an overview of the biodiversity exhibited by the leaf index of angiosperms. Taken together, we can discuss on the possibility of the control of the shapes and size of plant organs by transgenic approaches with the results from basic researches. For example, transgenic plants that overexpressed a wildtype ROT3 gene had longer leaves than parent plants, without any changes in leaf width. Thus, The genes for leaf growth and development, such as ROT3 gene, should be useful tools for the biodesign of plant organs.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Biotechnology Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.49-55
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• 2003

The morphology of the leaves and the flowers of angiosperms exhibit remarkable diversity. One of the factors showing the greatest variability of leaf organs is the leaf index, namely, the ratio of leaf length to leaf width. In some cases, different varieties of a single species or closely related species can be distinguished by differences in leaf index. To some extent, the leaf index reflects the morphological adaptation of leaves to a particular environment. In addition, the growth of leaf organs is dependent on the extent of the expansion of leaf cells and on cell proliferation in the cellular level. The rates of the division and enlargement of leaf cells at each stage contribute to the final shape of the leaf, and play important roles throughout leaf development. Thus, the control of leaf shape is related to the control of the shape of cells and the size of cells within the leaf. The shape of flower also reflects the shape of leaf, since floral organs are thought to be a derivative of leaf organs. No good tools have been available for studies of the mechanisms that underlie such biodiversity. However, we have recently obtained some information about molecular mechanisms of leaf morphogenesis as a result of studies of leaves of the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. For example, the ANGUSTIFOLIA (AN) gene, a homolog of animal CtBP genes, controls leaf width. AN appears to regulate the polar elongation of leaf cells via control of the arrangement of cortical microtubules. By contrast, the ROTUNDIFOLIA3 (ROT3) gene controls leaf length via the biosynthesis of steroid(s). We provide here an overview of the biodiversity exhibited by the leaf index of angiosperms. Taken together, we can discuss on the possibility of the control of the shapes and size of plant organs by transgenic approaches with the results from basic researches. For example, transgenic plants that overexpressed a wild-type ROT3 gene had longer leaves than parent plants, without any changes in leaf width. Thus, The genes for leaf growth and development, such as ROT3 gene, should be useful tools for the biodesign of plant organs.

• Agribusiness and Information Management
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to develop the growth prediction model that can predict growth and development information influencing on the production of citrus fruits. The growth model was developed to predict the floral leaf ratio, number of fruit sets, fruit width, and overweight fruits depending on the main period of growth and development by considering the weather factors because the fruit production is influenced by weather depending on the growth and development period. To predict the outdoor-grown citrus fruit production, the investigation result for the standard farms is used as the basic data; in this study, we also understood that the influence of weather factors on the citrus fruit production based on the data from 2004 to 2013 of the outdoor-grown citrus fruit observation report in which the standard farms were targeted by the Agricultural Research Service and suggested the growth and development information prediction model with the weather information as an independent variable to build the observation model. The growth and development model for outdoor-grown citrus fruits was assumed by using the Ordinary Least Square method (OLS), and the developed growth prediction model can make a prediction in advance with the weather factors prior to the observation investigation for the citrus fruit production. To predict the growth and development information of the production of citrus fruits having a great ripple effect as a representative crop in Jeju agriculture, the prediction result regarding the production applying the weather factors depending on growth and development period could be applied usefully.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.1007-1018
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• 2019

In the present study, according to morphological observations followed by recent circumscriptions, we have classified the Korean taxa of the family Linderniaceae into Scrophulariaceae sensu lato has been considered in several works, though the taxa have remained undefined because identification work was mostly done according to vegetative morphological features, such as the leaf shape, leaf margins, and leaf venation. The taxa of Linderniaceae are mostly considered to be weeds and, for correct identification, it is necessary to clarify their taxonomic characteristics. Morphological studies were carried out using samples collected in the field. Micro-morphological observations of the vegetative and floral parts were also performed using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We concluded that important characteristics are reproductive morphologies viz. calyx, stamen structure, capsule shape, calyx ratio with capsule, inflorescence morphology, and seed morphology. As a result, we formulated taxa descriptions and provided a key of the genera of Linderniaceae in Korea. Lindernia crustacea (L.) F. Muell. is transferred to Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. Lindernia micrantha D. Don and L. angustifolia (Benth.) Wettstein are a synonym of Vandellia micrantha (D. Don) Eb. Fisch., Schäferh. & Kai Müll. Lindernia attenuata Muhl. and L. dubia var. major (Pursh) Pennell are a synonym of Lindernia dubia (L.). Lindernia verbenifolia (Colsm.) Pennell is a synonym of Bonnaya antipoda Druce. Our study reports the presence of four genera: Bonnaya, Lindernia, Torenia, and Vandellia, comprising six taxa under the family Linderniaceae in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.257-270
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• 2012

The taxonomic relationship of 3 taxa in $Carex$ sect. $Siderostictae$ were revealed by morphological and molecular studies. The morphological characteristics of Korean $Carex$ siderosticta Hance, which is a type species of sect. $Siderostictae$, was first reviewed in comparison with previous records in order to identify the difference. Then the distribution map of this species was formulated through previous floral literatures and voucher specimens. Although the leaf shape which is represented by length/width ratio showed a great variation depending on habitat condition, the rhizome creeping patterns, the presence of hair on the surface leaf margin and perigynium were shown to be good diagnostic characters to define delimitation of species level. The results from molecular study supported $C.$ $ciliatomarginata$ Nakai should be ranked independently on species level.