• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.52-61
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• 2012

Distribution, abundance and biomass of submerged macrophytes were assessed using a double-headed rake and an echo-sounder in the Keumpoong Reservoir to investigate the temporal and spatial variations of submerged macrophytes in a small agricultural reservoir located upstream. Slope steepness and water depth in the littoral zone were important controlling factors on flora and vegetation structure of submerged macrophytes. Biodiversity of submerged macrophytes was increased at a gentle slope of the littoral zone. The results of DCA (detrended correspondence analysis) showed that the structure of submerged vegetation depended on the depth of water. Submerged macrophytes were distributed at the maximum water depth of 2.8 m in the Keumpoong Reservoir. The area occupied by the submerged macrophytes was estimated at only 6% of the total reservoir area because of the steep slope of the littoral zone and the large annual water-level fluctuation of 3.5 m. The increase of water level and inflow of turbid water in the rainy season might reduce the biomass of submerged macrophytes in the reservoir. It may be concluded that submerged vegetation in the Keumpoong Reservoir, a small agricultural reservoir located at the upstream, appears to be particularly susceptible to water level fluctuations and slope steepness of the littoral zone.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.55-69
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• 2013

The phytosocialogical study on the coastal sand dune vegetation of the East Coast was carried out. 180 phytosociological relev$\acute{e}$s of 62 sites in the East Coast were used in this study. In addition, already published syntaxa and the phytosociological hierarchy in Korea and Japan were used and comparative analyses of syntaxonomy, synecology, syngeography, and syndynamics were performed in the study. In this study, the flora was investigated 30 families, 66 genera, 77 taxa and 3 vegetation types were identified : the coastal drift-line annual communities (Calystegio soldanellae-Salsoletum komarovii), the dune glasslands communities (Elymo-Caricetum kobomugi, Carex kobomugi typical community, Elymus mollis community, Calystegia soldanella community, Zoysia macrostachya community, Cynodon dactylon community, Carex pumila community), and the dune shrubs communities (Linario-Viticetum rotundifoliae, Vitex rotundifolia community, Rosa rugosa community). The aspect of transition in the coastal sand dune vegetation of the East Coast were identified as follows : (1) reduced constancy degree and cover degree of Glehnia littoralis in each community; (2) lack of Ischaemum anthephoroides in Linario-Viticetum rotundifoliae (3) simplified species composition in Vitex rotundifolia community. Unstable habitat condition by external interference seemed to has caused the reduction of 2 taxa, Glehnia littoralis and Ischaemum anthephoroides, that usually grow in the second dune. In addition, we found changes in the distribution of the dune shrub communities influenced by rising temperature of the East Coast as results of the global warming. The results on the distribution of the dune shrub communities in this study demonstrated that the limit of the Rosa rugosa community made $0^{\circ}$ 44'N to the North and the vegetative limit of the Vitex rotundifolia community made $0^{\circ}$ 28'N to the North, respectively compared with the previously phytosociological studies. This study investigated the coastal sand dune vegetation, syntaxonomy, habitat condition and human disturbunce of the East Coast, and this will provide important information as basic data for the coastal ecosystem.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.80-92
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• 2015

Some of alien plants, which were introduced from foreign countries, have caused problems in Korea. Invasion of these alien plants in the ecosystem threatens the habitat of endemic species, reducing biodiversity, and causing a disturbance in the ecological system. In urbanized areas of campus universities, a diverse range of organisms were found and a comparison between the sites, near roads or housing sites were made because the campuses provided a large biotope. Although the campus had been exposed to interferences like gardening, it was also a place for most organisms to live in an active floating population due to free access. This research investigated the flora of alien plants that appeared in Beakseok University, Sangmyung University, Hoseo University and Dankook University, and relationship between the distribution of alien plants and the campus and green areas and distance from the highway. The total number of plant species and naturalized species found in the four universities was 189 and 43 species. Those of Dankook University were 136 and 35 species, Hoseo 108 and 25 species, Sangmyung 103 and 31 species, and Baekseok 97 and 26 species, respectively. The abundance of natural plants for each respective university tended to be higher as it became closer to the highway. Also, the closer the walking distance to the university, the greater the tendency for the degree of similarity to be higher. As a result, we may conclude that the distribution of alien plants and anthropogenic activities may be closely related.

• Mycobiology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.160-171
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• 2017

Larvae of Bradysia agrestis, an insect vector that transports plant pathogens, were sampled from geographically isolated regions in Korea to identify their cutaneous fungal and bacterial flora. Sampled areas were chosen within the distribution range of B. agrestis; each site was more than 91 km apart to ensure geographical segregation. We isolated 76 microbial (fungi and bacteria) strains (site 1, 29; site 2, 29; site 3, 18 strains) that were identified on the basis of morphological differences. Species identification was molecularly confirmed by determination of universal fungal internal transcribed spacer and bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences in comparison to sequences in the EzTaxon database and the NCBI GenBank database, and their phylogenetic relationships were determined. The fungal isolates belonged to 2 phyla, 5 classes, and 7 genera; bacterial species belonged to 23 genera and 32 species. Microbial diversity differed significantly among the geographical groups with respect to Margalef's richness (3.9, 3.6, and 4.5), Menhinick's index (2.65, 2.46, and 3.30), Simpson's index (0.06, 0.12, and 0.01), and Shannon's index (2.50, 2.17, and 2.58). Although the microbial genera distribution or diversity values clearly varied among geographical groups, common genera were identified in all groups, including the fungal genus Cladosporium, and the bacterial genera Bacillus and Rhodococcus. According to classic principles of co-evolutionary relationship, these genera might have a closer association with their host insect vector B. agrestis than other genera identified. Some cutaneous bacterial genera (e.g., Pseudomonas) displaying weak interdependency with insect vectors may be hazardous to agricultural environments via mechanical transmission via B. agrestis. This study provides comprehensive information regarding the cutaneous microflora of B. agrestis, which can help in the control of such pests for crop management.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.592-597
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• 2006

To understand the status of ferns' distribution of Gwangneung forest, flora survey was done during the period of April 2003 to November 2005. The results obtained from this study were as follows: Ferns identified and surveyed were 46 taxa including 9 families 17 genera 43 species 3 varieties were recorded in Gwangneung Forest. Hemicryrtophyte (H) was the most common dormancy from recorded in surveyed area. Epiphyte (E) and Hydatophyte (HH) were calculated as 4.3%, 2.2%, respectively and they were the lower value compared to those of other dormancy form. Consequently, $H-R_{3}-D_{1}-t$ was recorded as the most common life-form of ferns in Gwangneung Forest. Pteridophyta-Quotient (Ptph.-Q.) was calculated as 1.28 and it was the higher value compared to those of other neighboring mountains.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.260-266
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• 1996

This study was carried out to investigate the bacterial microflora of commercial and traditional Kochujang. Computer aided idetification systems were used to identify the bacteria in Kochujang. Seven genera such as Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Enterococcus, pasteurella, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus in commercial process and 10 genera such as Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Enterococcus, Flavimonas, Flavobacterium, Gemella, Pasteurella, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus in traditional process were identified. Distribution of genus Bacillus was $56{\sim}70%$ during fermentation in the commercial process and $38{\sim}50%$ in the traditional process. B. lichenoformis strains identified in this study were classified into three types by their physiological characteristics.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.82-90
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• 2012

In this study, we investigated the environmental factors and growth characteristics of Sasa borealis community inside a temperate deciduous forest and reviewed its effect on the lower vegetation and natural regeneration. The S. borealis community in the Jungsan-ri region of Jirisan National Park was chosen as the study area, and the vegetation and the environmental factors were investigated. The dominance value, height and foliage layer thickness were investigated as the growth characteristics of S. borealis in the area. As the environmental factors, we investigated the photosynthesis photon flux density (PPFD) of the shrub and ground layers as well as the chemical characteristics of the soil. Additionally, we investigated the flora on the ground layer of the area as well as the number and height of woody plants. The result showed that the height and foliage layer thickness of the S. borealis was closely related to the light conditions but the distribution was not determined simply by the effect of the environment or vegetation of the particular area. This may be deeply related with the unique survival strategy of S. borealis, a vegetably propagated plant, that it can extensively distributed on a heterogeneous resources environment in a forest as multiple culm are interconnected with each other through the rhizomes. The dense dominance and great height of S. borealis reduced the plant species diversity in the ground layer by decreasing the PPFD on the ground surface.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.91-103
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• 1994

The floristic characteristics and ecological conservation measures for the plant resources of the Tokyusan National Park. Chollapuk-do, Korea were discussed. The field works was done for three times in nine major areas from April to July, 1993. The total number of vascular plants in this area were summarized as 97 families, 297 genera, 469 species and 541 kinds. The nineteen kinds of artificially planted, twelve kinds of Korean endemics and sixteen kinds of Korean rare and endangered species in the area were revised and compiled in the list. The flora of the area were categorized into the Southern part of the Korean Region, where the species such as Quercus serrata. Fraxinus sieboldiana, Ilex macropoda, Lindera erythrocarpa, Lindera glauca, Rubus coreanus, Taxus cuspidata, Cephalotaxus koreana and Abies koreana were roled as major floristic components in the Korean Region and endemized in the southern part of Korea. The natural communities such as Adonis amurensis Community, Taxus cuspidata Community, Betula ermanii Community, Hemerocalis spp. Community, Rhododendron tschnoskii Community, Rhododendron schlippenbachii Community, Disporum ovale Community, Tricyrtis dilatata Community, and present natural distribution of Abies koreana, and swamp vegetation in Tumunsan areas, as well as upland grassland at the summit of Hyangchokpong were represented for their floristic values in the area. The fifteen kinds of medicinal plants such as Gastrodia elata, seven kinds of ornamental plants such as Adonis amurensis, and thirteen kinds of edible plants such as Ligularia fischeri are faced potentially in endangered from the outrageous collections by the local peoples. The Action Plan for the conservation management of the area which enables sustainable use by the local peoples must be established in the near future.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.289-305
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• 2014

This survey was conducted in order to clarify the species diversity and distribution of mushrooms at Worldcup Park in Seoul, from May to November 2010 and 2014. In the survey, a total of 98 taxa, 98 species, 86 genera, 38 families, 12 orders, three classes, and two phyla were identified. A total of 250 specimens of Mushrooms were collected from Pyonghwa Park and 63 species, 71 genera, 36 families, 13 orders, three classes, and two phyla were identified. Coprinus atramentarius and Psathyrella candolleana were high in frequency, as ten times and nine times, respectively. In Noeul Park, 102 specimens were collected, 41 species, 42 genera, 19 families, 19 orders, two classes, and two phyla were identified. In Noeul Park mostly layed with lawn, Agrocybe semiorbicularis and Agaricus campestris were high in frequency, as ten times and nine times, respectively. There were no mushrooms in succession during three years. In Haneul Park, a total of 128 specimens of mushrooms were collected. 49 species, 57 genera, 30 families, 11 orders, three classes, and two phyla were identified. Agrocybe semiorbicularis and Phallus rugulosus were high in frequency, as four times. In Nanjicheon Park, a total of 68 specimens of mushrooms were collected. 31 species, 34 genera, 30 families, nine orders, one class, and one phylum were identified. Coprinus atramentarius and Psathyrella velutina were high in frequency, as three times. Investigation on the diversity of mushrooms at the Worldcup Park, piled up with the city's waste, will be of the great significance in the aspect of the ecological change. All specimens examined in this work are preserved in HCCN (Herbarium Conservation Center of National Academy of Agricultural Science).

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.198-204
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• 2021

The plant known as "Hong-do-go-deul-ppae-gi" on Hongdo Island, belonging to the genus Crepidiastrum, has been recorded as C. ×nakaii, a hybrid between C. denticulatum and C. platyphyllum. During a survey of the flora of Hongdo Island, we reexamined the taxonomic identity of "Hong-do-go-deul-ppae-gi". The morphological traits, geographical distribution, and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of "Hong-do-go-deul-ppae-gi" were compared to related species within the genus. A morphological examination revealed that the plant was similar to C. lanceolatum in that it has subshrub stems with caudex stout, 8 inner involucrals bracts, and 10 to 12 florets. In contrast, similarities to C. denticulatum were observed in terms of radical leaves deciduous in the flowering period, cauline leaves membranous with acute serrations, and beaked achenes. Furthermore, C. denticulatum and C. lanceolatum grew on Hongdo Island and nearby areas, but C. platyphyllum was not distributed in these areas. The results of morphological and distributional investigations revealed that the Hongdo Island plant should be regarded as C. ×muratagenii, a hybrid between C. denticulatum and C. lanceolatum, not C. ×nakaii, which is a hybrid between C. denticulatum and C. platyphyllum. However, the resolution of the ITS sequences was insufficient such that we could not separate the examined species.