• Computers and Concrete
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.217-240
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• 2024

The purpose of this study is to propose new hysteretic characteristics of medium- to low-rise RC structures controlled by both shear and flexure. Through previous study, the dual lateral force-resisting system composed of shear and flexural failure members has a new failure mechanism that cooperates to enhance the flexural capacity of the flexural failure member even after the failure of the shear member, and the existing theoretical equation significantly underestimates the ultimate strength. In this study, the residual lateral strength mechanism of the dual lateral force-resisting system was analyzed, and, as a result, an equation for estimating the residual flexural strength of each shear-failure member was proposed. The residual flexural strength of each shear-failure member was verified in comparison with the structural testing results obtained in previous study, and the proposed residual flexural strength equation for shear-failure members was tested for reliability using FEA, and its applicable range was also determined. In addition, restoring-force characteristics for evaluating the seismic performance of the dual lateral force-resisting system (nonlinear dynamic analysis), reflecting the proposed residual flexural strength equation, were proposed. Finally, the validity of the restoring-force characteristics of RC buildings equipped with the dual lateral force-resisting system proposed in the present study was verified by performing pseudo-dynamic testing and nonlinear dynamic analysis based on the proposed restoring-force characteristics. Based on this comparative analysis, the applicability of the proposed restoring-force characteristics was verified.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제54권6호
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• pp.151-158
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• 2012

This study will not only prove experimental dynamic properties which are classified to slump, compressed strength, bending strength and toughness index blast-furnace cement concrete with polypropylene (PP) fiber that refer properties and volume of it, but also establish a basic data in order to use PP fiber reinforced blast-furnace cement concrete. The slump didn't changed by PP fiber volume $5kgf/m^3$ because of flexibility of fiber in despite of loose mixing. The reason why the slump decreased steadily by PP fiber volume $3kgf/m^3$ was rising contact surface of water. The compressed strength indicated a range of 19.49~26.32 MPa. The tensile strength indicated a range of 2.10~2.44 MPa. The bending strength was stronger about 3~16 % in case of mixing with PP fiber volume than normal concrete. The flexure strength indicated a range of 4.30~4.83 MPa. The toughness indicated a range of $0{\sim}19.88N{\cdot}mm$ and was stronger about 6.7 times in case of PP fiber volume $9kg/m^3$ than PP fiber volume $1kg/m^3$. The pavement with PP fiber volume over such a fixed quantity in the roads of a respectable amount load can have a effect to prevent not only resistance against clack but also rip off failures.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.241-260
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• 2002

The effect of shear coupled with axial force variation on the inelastic seismic behaviour of reinforced concrete bridge piers is investigated in this paper. For this purpose, a hysteretic axial-shear interaction model was developed and implemented in a nonlinear finite element analysis program. Thus, flexure-shear-axial interaction is simulated under variable amplitude reversed actions. Comparative studies for shear-dominated reinforced concrete columns indicated that a conventional FE model based on flexure-axial interaction only gave wholly inadequate results and was therefore incapable of predicting the behaviour of such members. Analysis of a reinforced concrete bridge damaged during the Northridge (California 1994) earthquake demonstrated the importance of shear modelling. The contribution of shear deformation to total displacement was considerable, leading to increased ductility demand. Moreover, the effect of shear with axial force variation can significantly affect strength, stiffness and energy dissipation capacity of reinforced concrete members. It is concluded that flexure-shear-axial interaction should be taken into account in assessing the behaviour of reinforced concrete bridge columns, especially in the presence of high vertical ground motion.

• 산업기술연구
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• 제2권
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• pp.3-11
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• 1982

Reliability analysis methods have been employed in this study to determine the safety index ${\beta}$ for flexure associated with reinforced concrete designs that are in accordance with current USD code of Korea. In reliability analysis, the mean first-order second-moment methods are employed. The following specific conclusions can be drawn from this study; 1) Levels of safety for reinforced concrete design, measured by ${\beta}$, vary from 2.8 to 3.8 in flexure depending on the limit state, the ratio of live load to dead load and the uncertainties. 2) Target reliability ${\beta}$ associated with reinforced concrete beams in flexure is assumed to be 3.5~4.0 in Korea. 3) Load factors and resistance factors in flexure associated with the current provisions contained in USD code generally seem to be too high. The writer concluded the factors as following; ${\phi}=0.8,\;{\gamma}_D=1.1\;{\gamma}_L=1.75$.

• 대한치과재료학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.69-77
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of chitosan powder addition on the strengthening of conventional glass ionomer cement. Two types of chitosan powders with different molecular weight were mixed with conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC): low-molecular weight chitosan (CL; 50~190 kDa), high-molecular weight chitosan (CH; 310~375 kDa). The chitosan powders (CL and CH) were separately added into the GIC liquid (0.25-0.5 wt%) under magnetic stirring, or mixed with the GIC powder by ball-milling for 24 h using zirconia balls. The mixing ratio of prepared cement was 2:1 for powder to liquid. Net setting time of cements was measured by ISO 9917-1. The specimens for the compressive strength (CS; $4{\times}6mm$), diametral tensile strength (DTS; $6{\times}4mm$), three-point flexure (FS; $2{\times}2{\times}25mm$) with flexure modulus (FM) were obtained from cements at 1, 7, and 14 days after storing in distilled water at $(37{\pm}1)^{\circ}C$. All mechanical strength tests were conducted with a cross-head speed of 1 mm/min. Data were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD post-hoc test. The mechanical properties of conventional glass ionomer cement was significantly enhanced by addition of 0.5 wt% CL to cement liquid (CS, DTS), or by addition of 10 wt% CH (FS) to cement powder. The CL particles incorporated into the set cement were firmly bonded to the GIC matrix (SEM). Within the limitation of this study, the results indicated that chitosan powders can be successfully added to enhance the mechanical properties of conventional GIC.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.523-530
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• 2009

콘크리트를 설계하기 위해 설계자는 설계의 효율성을 위하여 일축휨강도에 기초한 설계를 하고 있지만, 포 장체 및 바닥판과 같은 실제 구조요소의 응력상태는 재료전반에 작용하는 이축응력이 발생하게 된다. 따라서 콘크리트 의 이축휨시험은 사용하중상태에서 콘크리트의 거동을 평가할 수 있는 중요한 설계인자로서 사용될 수 있다. 이 연구 에서 저자들은 콘크리트 이축휨강도를 평가할 수 있는 BFT 시험법의 최적 구성을 제안하였다. 이 기법은 세라믹 또는 바이오 재료 분야에서 사용되어온 링온링 시험법을 콘크리트 재료에 적합하도록 수정, 제시한 것이다. 이를 위하여 유 한요소해석과 정밀해에 대한 분석을 통하여 시험체의 형상과 시험법을 제시하였다. 제안된 방법에 의한 실험 결과, 이 축휨실험을 통하여 콘크리트 재료의 휨강도를 충분히 판정할 수 있는 것을 증명할 수 있었다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.47-76
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• 1994

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of the crack propagation characteristics and bond stress of ceramo-metal system. In order to characterize the crack propagation, the static crack propagation stored in $37^{\circ}C$ distilled water of two commerical porcelains and the dynamic crack propagation under cyclic flexure load of ceramo-metal system were examined. In order to characterize the bond stress, the shear bond test, the 3-point flexure bond test, and the finite element stress analysis of ceramo-metal system were conducted. The results obtained were as follows : 1. Bulk densities and Young's moduli of opaque porcelains increased with repeated firing. 2. Maximum fracture toughness during 4 firing cycles showed at the group of 4 firing cycles in Ceramco porcelain and 2 firing cycles in Vita porcelain. 3. Shear bond strength and flexure bond strength of Ceramco-Verabond specimen were larger than those of Ceramco-Degudent G specimen (p<0.05). 4. Interfacial stresses under three point flexure bond test were concentrated at the edges of ceramometal system. 5. When a cyclic flexure load was applied, the crack growth rate of porcelain surface of ceramometal specimens was decreased as load cycles increased.

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.47-57
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• 2019

폴리머 종류에 상관없이 폴리머 시멘트비의 증가에 따라 접착성능은 크게 개선되었으며, A타입 인장접착강도는 1.90배, B 타입 인장(접착)강도는 2.17배, 휨(접착)강도는 1.83배 보통 시멘트 모르타르 보다 높게 나타났으며, 보통 시멘트 모르타르의 B 타입 인장(접착)강도에 대한 인장강도비와 휨(접착)강도에 대한 휨강도비인 상대강도비가 각각 46.9%, 72.6%를 나타냈으며, 폴리머 시멘트 모르타르의 경우에는 각각 50.1%~101.7%, 73.8%~132.9% 범위를 나타내, 폴리머 시멘트 모르타르가 높은 강도회복율을 보였다. 폴리머 종류에 따라서는 EVA를 사용하고, 폴리머 시멘트비로서는 접착성능과 경제성을 고려하면, P/C 10%~15% 범위를 제안할 수 있다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.595-605
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• 2000

Dental ceramics have good aesthetics, biocompatibility, low thermal conductivity, abrasion resistance, and color stability. However poor resistance to fracture and shrinkage during firing process have been limiting factors in their use, particularly in multiunit ceramic restorations. A new method for making all-ceramic crowns that have high strength and low processing shrinkage has been developed and is referred to as the Vita In-Ceram method. This study was performed to investigate the effect of $CeO_2$ addition in borosilicate glasses on the strength of alumina-glass composites. Porous alumina compacts were prepared by slip casting and sintered at $1,100^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours. Dense composites were made by infiltration of molten glass into partially sintered alumina at $1,140^{\circ}C$ for 4 hours. Specimens were polished sequentially from #800 to #2000 diamond disk. and the final surface finishing on the tensile side was received an additional polishing sequence through $1{\mu}m$ diamond paste. Biaxial flexure test was conducted by using ball-on-three-ball method at a crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min. To examine the microstructural aspect of crack propagation in the alumina-glass composites, Vickers-produced indentation crack was made on the tensile surface at a load of 98.0 N and dwell time of 15 sec, and the radial crack patterns were examined by an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. The porosity rates of partially sintered alumina decreased with the rising of firing temperature. 2. The maximum biaxial flexure strength of 423.5MPa in alumina-glass composites was obtained with an addition of 3 mol% $CeO_2$ in glass composition and strength values showed the aspect of decrease with the increase of $CeO_2$ content. 3 The biaxial flexure strength values of alumina-glass composites were decreased with rising the firing temperature. 4. Observation of the fracture surfaces of alumina-glass composites indicated that the enhancement of strength in alumina-glass composites was due to the frictional or geometrical inter-locking of rough fracture surfaces and ligamentary bridging by intact islands of materials left behind the fracture front.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.143-150
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• 2004

본 연구에서는 치아 수복에 사용되는 상용 글라스 세라믹들을 디스크 모양으로 열가압 성형하여 ball-on-3-bal에 의한 이축강도와 압입시험에 의한 파괴인성을 측정하였다. 시편들로부터 XRD, SEM, TEM을 이용하여 결정상과 미세구조를 분석하였다. 글라스 세라믹내의 결정들은 균열의 진행에 대하여 효과적인 저지를 하지 못하였으나 높은 결정화도가 기계적 성질의 향상에 기여하는 것으로 판단된다. Lithium disilicate결정의 글라스 세라믹은 상대적으로 결정함량이 낮은 leucite 세라믹에 비하여 유의하게 높은 이축강도와 파괴인성을 나타내어 치과용 글라스 세라믹으로서 높은 신뢰성이 기대된다.