• Journal of Mushroom
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.261-267
• /
• 2019

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of extracts of Protaetia brevitarsis larvae fed on fermented oak sawdust (FOS) or spent mushroom substrates (SMS, Pleurotus eryngii). Total polyphenol content was 32% higher in extracts of larvae fed on SMS (P. eryngii) (75.33±0.43 mg GAE/g) than in extracts of larvae fed on FOS (57.02±1.73 mg GAE/g). The flavonoid content of extracts of larvae grown on FOS and SMS (P. eryngii) was 24.6±0.28 mg/g and 25.4±0.75 mg/g, respectively. DPPH radical scavenging activity increased in an extract concentration-dependent manner, and the DPPH radical scavenging capacity of the extract of larvae produced on SMS (P. eryngii) was higher than that of the larvae produced on FOS. The reducing power of the larval extracts produced on FOS and SMS (P. eryngii) increased in an extract concentration-dependent manner, but there was no significant difference between them. The extract of larvae fed on SMS (P. eryngii) (66.55±0.99 uM TE/g) had a higher oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) than extracts of larvae grown on FOS (76.32±0.48 uM TE/g). The effect of larval extracts on cell proliferation was investigated using a WST-1 (4-[3-(4-iodophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2H-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzene disulfonate) assay on RAW 264.7 cells. When cells were treated with larval extracts produced on FOS and SMS (P. eryngii) at concentrations of 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 40, and 64 mg/ml, RAW 264.7 cells proliferated at 90% or more. Therefore, larval extracts produced on FOS and SMS (P. eryngii) were not toxic to RAW 264.7 cells.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.138-148
• /
• 2023

This study compared and analyzed the antioxidant activities of various organic solvent fractions from the leaves and roots of Peucedanum insolens Kitagawa. For this study, the dried leaves and roots of P. insolens Kitagawa were first extracted using 70% ethanol. The extracts were sequentially sub-fractionated in the order of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water. The results revealed that the distribution of total phenolic contents by organic solvent fractions showed the same pattern in both the leaves and roots, with the highest in the ethyl acetate fraction (101.1±1.0 mg vs 71.2±3.4 mg of GAE/mg), but the lowest content in the hexane fraction (9.5±0.2 mg vs 7.5±2.1 mg of GAE/mg). The distribution of total flavonoid content in the organic solvent fractions showed the same pattern as that of total phenolic content. The results of DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays showed that the leaf and root extracts exhibited free radical scavenging activity in the same pattern, particularly, the ethyl acetate fraction had the highest activity. These results indicate that not only the roots of P. insolens Kitagawa but also the leaves possess potential substances that exhibit strong antioxidant activity. Significant correlations (R=0.903, p<0.0001, DPPH radical; R=0.891, p<0.001, ABTS radical; R=0.745, p<0.05, FRAP radical) between total phenolics and radical scavenging activities, but also significant correlations (R=0.867, p<0.001, DPPH vs. ABTS radicals; R=0.882, p<0.0001, DPPH vs. FRAP radicals; R=0.973, p<0.0001, ABTS vs. FRAP radicals) between radical scavenging activities were found in the organic solvent fractions. Therefore, as in the roots of P. insolens Kitagawa, the leaves possess strong antioxidant capacity and can be used as the main antioxidant material.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.42 no.2
• /
• pp.262-267
• /
• 2013

The purpose of this research is to minimize the loss of nutrients in carrots (Daucus carota var. sativa). A protopectinase was used to enzymatically macerated and separate cells without damage. The enzyme modification group's collection rate was 81% (residue rate 19%), while the grinding process group's collection rate was 56% (residue rate 44%)-an over 20% of collection rate difference. Thus we predicted a big difference in transference number after the process and wastage. In comparing ingredient changes in the enzyme modification group versus the grinding process group, the content of ${\beta}$-carotene (the carrot's main ingredient) showed a change in protection factor (PF) ($2.2{\pm}0.2$ PF, $1.4{\pm}0.4$ PF, respectively), total polyphenol content ($89{\pm}3.42{\mu}g/g$, $64{\pm}4.16{\mu}g/g$, respectively), and total flavonoid content ($68{\pm}2.73{\mu}g/g$, $41{\pm}3.26{\mu}g/g$, respectively). Thus we confirmed that nutrient destruction, due to cell membrane preservation, occurred less often in the enzyme modification process than the mechanical grinding process group. We also measured DPPH radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and nitrite scavenging activity. DPPH radical scavenging activity was $87{\pm}0.29%$ and $74{\pm}1.56%$ in the enzymatic modification group compared to the mechanical grinding process group, respectively. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was $44{\pm}0.49%$ and $32{\pm}0.48%$ in the enzymatic modification group compared to the mechanical grinding process group, respectively. Nitrite scavenging activity was $59{\pm}0.53%$ and $46{\pm}0.62%$ in the enzymatic modification group compared to the mechanical grinding process group, respectively. Our results show that cell membrane preservation, via the protopectinase enzyme process, decreases the loss of nutrients and still preserves inherent antioxidants.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.9-16
• /
• 2014

This study was performed in order to investigate the antioxidant properties of hot water extract from the root and aerial part of the Syneilesis palmata in respect to its potential use as food, cosmetics material, or medicinal resource. The results showed that the S. palmata root hot water extract (RHW) possessed a higher content of total flavonoid compounds (4.58 mg/g) and total polyphenol compounds (59.11 mg/g). The SOD-like activities of the RHW and APHW were 23.74% and 21.61%, respectively, at a concentration $2,000{\mu}g/mL$. In the nitrite scavenging ability of a $2,000{\mu}g/mL$ concentration, the RHW showed 63.06% (pH 1.2) and 47.16% (pH 3.0). The $IC_{50}$ values of the nitrite scavenging abilities were $99.93{\mu}g/mL$ (ascorbic acid), $1,150.85{\mu}g/mL$ (RHW), and $1,610.25{\mu}g/mL$ (APHW). The $IC_{50}$ values of DPPH free radical scavenging abilities were $99.87{\mu}g/mL$ (RHW) and $118.29{\mu}g/mL$ (APHW). The inhibition values ($IC_{50}$) of xanthine oxidase were $139.62{\mu}g/mL$ (RHW) and $111.11{\mu}g/mL$ (APHW). In all of the experiments, the S. palmata root hot water extracts have higher activities than the aerial hot water extract, except for the xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity. These results suggest that the S. palmata is a potentially useful antioxidant source for the development of functional nutraceuticals, cosmetics and medicine.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.264-275
• /
• 2014

This study evaluated the improving efficacy of Lespedeza cuneata ethanol extract on skin photoaging induced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of the extract were respectively $134.98{\pm}1.70$ and $16.20{\pm}0.05$ mg/g, respectively. The superoxide anion radical scavenging activity and electron-donating ability of the extract were shown to be dependent on concentration, and the antioxidant ability was shown to be more effective in superoxide anion radical scavenging activity than in electron-donating ability under the same concentration conditions. In the in vivo test conducted using hairless mouse with skin photoaging induced by UVB irradiation, the skin erythema of the groups treated with the extract (AS) reduced to 28% of the control, and the skin moisture content increased to 131%.. The extract treatment of the UV-damaged skin improved the morphological and histopathological state of the skin. Furthermore, the SOD, GST and CAT activities in the skin tissue of the AS group increased, and the XO activity and TBARS generation decreased. With regard to the genes related to the photoaging skin, the expression of PAK, p38, c-Fos, c-Jun, TNF-${\alpha}$ and MMP-3 in the skin of the AS group were found to have decreased. It was therefore concluded that Lespedeza cuneata ethanol extract can reduce wrinkle formation in the skin due to the regulation of the gene expression caused by the exposure to UVB light.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.44-54
• /
• 2016

This study compared the physicochemical characteristics, proximate composition, taste compounds, and antioxidant properties of Sikhye prepared with mulberry fruit concentrate. Analysis of the physicochemical characteristics of Sikhye added with mulberry indicated that sugar content and titratable acidity increased significantly with increasing mulberry concentration, whereas pH decreased significantly. The whiteness index (L) was 36.77~51.40, which significantly decreased with increasing mulberry concentrate. The redness index (a) was -0.90~1.97 and highest in Sikhye sample containing 4% mulberry concentrate. The yellow index (b) was 0.03~1.90 and highest in Sikhye sample containing 1% mulberry concentrate. Analysis of the antioxidant properties of Sikhye added with mulberry indicated that total polyphenol content and flavonoid content increased significantly as the amount of mulberry concentrate increased above 1%. Total anthocyanin color also increased significantly with increasing mulberry concentrate. The mulberry Sikhye sample containing 8% extract showed the strongest antioxidant properties based on DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and FRAP assay. Evaluation of the sensory properties of Sikhye added with mulberry revealed that the most preferred flavor, color, and taste were observed in Sikhye samples containing 2%, 4%, and 8% extract, respectively. However, the highest overall preference was observed in Sikhye sample containing 2% extract, indicating that 2% concentration was most suitable for Sikhye and that flavor and aftertaste were more critical than taste. Analysis of the storage characteristics of Sikhye added with mulberry indicated that total bacteria count increased across all samples with increased storage period. However, total bacteria count in the added mulberry concentration group decreased in comparison to the control group as the amount of added mulberry increased.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.29 no.5
• /
• pp.545-554
• /
• 2019

The phytochemical compounds of Pueraria, a medicinally important leguminous plant, include various isoflavones that have weak estrogenic activity and a potential role in preventing chronic disease, cancer, osteoporosis, and postmenopausal syndrome. However, the major isoflavones are derivatives of puerarin and occur mainly as unabsorbable and biologically inactive glycosides. The bioavailability of the glucosides can be increased by hydrolysis of the sugar moiety using ${\beta}$-glucosidase. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant effects of a Pueraria extract after fermentation by Lactobacillus rhamnosus BHN-LAB 76. The L. rhamnosus BHN-LAB 76 strain was inoculated into Pueraria powder and fermented at $37^{\circ}C$ for 72 hr. The total polyphenol content of the Pueraria extract increased by about 134% and the total flavonoid content increased around 110% after fermentation with L. rhamnosus BHN-LAB 76 when compared to a non-fermented Pueraria extract. Superoxide dismutase-like activities, DPPH radical scavenging, and ABTS radical scavenging increased by approximately 213%, 190%, and 107%, respectively, in the fermented Pueraria extract compared to the non-fermented Pueraria extract. Fermentation of Pueraria extracts with L. rhamnosus BHN-LAB 76 is therefore possible and can effectively increase the antioxidant effects. These results can be applied to the development of improved foods and cosmetic materials.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.65 no.4
• /
• pp.421-427
• /
• 2022

In this study, Jeju Tatary buckwheat tea's chemical composition and physiological activities were compared according to the leaching temperature (60, 80, 100 ℃). As the leaching temperature is increased, the degree of browning is induced. However, there was no significant change in pH. The total polyphenol content was higher at 80 ℃ than at 60 ℃ leaching temperature, but significantly decreased at 100 ℃ leaching temperature (60 ℃: 17.06 mg GA/g, 80 ℃: 20.09 mg GA/g, 100 ℃ :18.45 mg GA/g). There were high content of flavonoid and rutin as the leaching temperature increased. Consistently, 2,2-diphenyl1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and tyrosinase inhibitory activity were significantly higher with increasing temperature (DPPH % inhibition: 60 ℃: 41.88%, 80 ℃: 46.01%, 100 ℃: 46.80%/tyrosinase inhibitory activity: 60 ℃: 9.38%, 80 ℃: 22.94%, 100 ℃: 28.17%). However, there was no significant difference in DPPH radical scavenging activity between 80 and 100 ℃. A cytotoxicity test was performed by treating with Jeju Tatary buckwheat extract into mouse macrophage cells (Raw264.7). 100 and 200 ㎍/mL treatment (100 ℃ extract) were significantly upregulated the survival rate, but there was no significant difference in other concentrations. Collectively, most of the bioactive components, antioxidant activity, and tyrosinase inhibitory activity were induced as the leaching temperature increased. However, the content of polyphenols which are known to have antioxidant activity, was significantly reduced at 100 ℃ leaching temperature. Several reports have demonstrated that leaching at too high temperature lowered the overall acceptability, so the optimal leaching condition of Tatary Buckwheat is 80 ℃, 5 min in this study.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.33 no.12
• /
• pp.1052-1061
• /
• 2023

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of fermentation by B. subtilis (BPLE), L. brevis (LPLE), S. cerevisiae (SPLE) and C. militaris (CPLE) on the antioxidant activity of Protaetia brevitarsis larvae fed with mushroom substrates (king oyster mushroom). The total polyphenol content of Protaetia brevitarsis larvae (PLE), BPLE, LPLE, SPLE and CPLE were 58.07±0.67, 83.33±0.98, 79.21±1.32, 61.02±0.87 and 57.90±1.02 mg GAEs/extract g, respectively. The flavonoid contents of the PLE, BPLE, LPLE, SPLE and CPLE were 17.35±1.57, 19.49±0.95, 16.90±1.57, 18.12±0.95 and 16.99±0.95 mg QEs/extract g, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity showed no significant difference between the PLE, BPLE, LPLE, SPLE and CPLE at a concentration of 0.2 mg/ml. However, at a concentration of 0.4 mg/ml or more, the DPPH radical scavenging activity of the BPLE and LPLE was higher than that of the PLE. The reducing power of the BPLE and LPLE was also higher than that of the PLE, and more than twice as high at a concentration of 0.8 mg/ml or more. The ORAC value of the BPLE (79.77±0.82 uM TEs/extract g) was higher than that of the PLE (61.34±0.97 uM TEs/extract g). A WST-1 assay of the RAW 264.7 cells indicated that the PLE, BPLE, LPLE, SPLE and CPLE showed no cytotoxicity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.40 no.11
• /
• pp.1532-1536
• /
• 2011

In this study, the antioxidative activity of Artemisia capillaris T. extract on the proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells under $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress was investigated in order to determine its protective effect against oxidative stress as well as its availability as an antioxidant material related to treatment of bone diseases. As a result, the total polyphenol content of A. capillaris extract was 90.10 mg/g, whereas the flavonoid content was 4.45 mg/g. A. capillaris extract increased proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells under $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress, and also increased the proliferation of differentiated osteoblast cells under oxidative stress. In addition, two differentiation markers, alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization level, in A. capillaris extract tended to increase. These results indicate that A. capillaris extract suppresses the damage to osteoblasts caused by oxidative stress, which demonstrates its availability as an antioxidant material for preventing bone diseases.