• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.877-882
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of outdoor thermal environment of flat-type apartment houses and tower-type apartment houses in summer by numerical simulation. After inputting a building condition at CAD, we calculated the surface temperature for two apartments by using the numerical simulation of a clear sky day in summer in Seoul. The results indicated that the variation in Heat Island Potential(HIP) of tow apartments were not only in the day but also in the night. According to form of apartment the flat-type apartment houses appeared $1.3^{\circ}C$ more highly tower-type apartment houses.

• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2012.03a
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• pp.299-304
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• 2012

In terms of plane structure, tower-type apartments have several disadvantages compared to flat-type apartments in the aspect of ventilation rate. Such disadvantages may not produce good indoor cooling effects with natural ventilation inside the heated apartments in hot summer days, so they may cause high energy consumption by an increase in cooling load. The purpose of this study is to investigate ways for improving the indoor thermal environment of tower-type apartments in summer by conducting quantitative evaluations of the airflow distribution in households.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.93-98
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to analyze the rate of opening windows that makes residents of a flat-type apartment feel pleasant in summer time. A few conditions were simulated on the wind flow that pass through internal and external spaces of the flat-type apartment, utilizing CFX program. The simulation was made with the criteria for the rates of opening window at 20%, 50%, 70% and 100%. When the rate of window opening was more 50%, the wind speed(more than 1m/s) that makes the residents feel pleasant was observed in more 60% of the internal space. When the all windows of the apartments were opened, the heat island phenomenon was almost disappeared and the pleasant wind flow was more evenly distributed in the external spaces. If residents of apartments recognize the result of this study and practice in agrement on opening windows in summer, it is expected to contribute to minimizing the energy consumption for air conditioning.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.175-185
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• 2011

It is usual for energy consumption in accordance with facing and sitting direction of tower-type apartments to be calculated by the official statistics or computer simulation. Previous studies for energy consumption appear to be very limited due to the dependence on flat type of apartment. Acknowledging these constraints, an empirical study for a tower type apartment was conducted to demonstrate how a on-site indoor temperature measurement in spring can be used to assist in estimating the total energy consumption in terms of facing and sitting orientation specific settings. The results indicate that maximum temperature difference in spring was identified as $1.16^{\circ}C$ between south and eastern direction. It is known that raising $1^{\circ}C$ indoor temperature require 7% more energy consumption than normal. The $1.16^{\circ}C$ difference means that sitting direction of tower type apartment is a crucial explanatory variable as unit of analysis for energy consumption. It was demonstrated that the indoor temperature could be used effectively as an indicator to estimate energy consumption among various sitting direction of tower type apartments. It is anticipated that this research output could be used as a valuable reference to support more scientific and objective decision-making for facing and sitting orientation of tower type apartments.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.107-117
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• 2011

This paper aims to analyze architectural planning factors that could contribute to reductions in electricity consumption in the household of apartments, to apply energy saving methods at the design phase. These six architectural planning factors were orientation, building type (flat, tower block), standard floor access type (corridor access type, stair case type, EV hall access type), household location (floor), household opening type (one side opening, right angle opening, two sides opening or three sides opening), and bay on the facade (one bay, two bays, three bays, four bays), and these were derived from literature review. Household electricity consumption data were gathered from 2168 households with a total area of 135~150$m^2$ of 6 apartment complexes over 1000 households in Seoul. The annual characteristics of electricity consumption according to architectural planning factors were analyzed. And, variances between groups with respect to the mean of summer, winter, and annual electricity consumption according to each architectural planning factors were analyzed using ANOVA and t-test. The results showed that an annual electric energy saving of over 1000kWh was facilitated by these planning factors. In addition, high energy efficiency architectural planning factors based on the analysis were as follows: southwest orientation, flat type, corridor access type and staircase type, household loation below the 20th floor, two sides opening and three sides opening, and 2 bays and 3 bays.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.465-475
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• 2011

It is known that energy consumption in bottom floor of typical Korean-style apartment is the highest. Previous studies for energy consumption in accordance with floor level appear to be very limited due to the dependence on single energy variable such as electric power or LNG separately, based on past flat type of apartment. Acknowledging these constraints, an empirical study for a tower type emerged recently as new style of apartment in South Korea was conducted to demonstrate how a comprehensive evaluation for both electric power and LNG consumption can be used to assist in monitoring the total energy consumption in terms of floor specific settings. It was possible to identify that energy consumption in bottom floor is lesser than that of top floor, to the contrary, fact known from previous study. Also electric power consumption in top floor was identified as 15% higher than that of floor in the least. It is anticipated that this integrated utilization of electric power and LNG data would present more scientific and objective evidence for the energy load among floor level of tower type apartment by overcoming serious constraints suffered from the past single variable investigation. Ultimately, the result in this paper could be used as a valuable reference to providing priority for energy saving activities in top floor such as cool roof or green roof.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.223-232
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to identify the supply status and planning trend of North Korean housing through analysis on the North Korean architecture specialized media data. The flat composition is changing and the living room is becoming the center of the houses. Also, in the urban areas, the standard apartment type is four apartments in a row and the plan form is getting diversified into circle type, Y type, and irregular type. On the other hand, in the rural areas, two houses in a row and single house are typical and the change in planning scale and space structure are not substantial. Since the 2000s, design changes have been made to emphasize the third dimensional structure of buildings such as the elliptical houses and L-shaped houses. Furthermore, 8~10 households are located on one floor which leads to the tendency of the building enlargement. In terms of house size, a square concept was introduced to replace the initial 2~3 room concept and the basic module of the room planning the 3 room house based on $3m{\times}3m$. However, there seems to be no standard house size, and the house size may differ depending on the social classandregion. In the early 1980s, when there was focus on the apartment complex construction, the high-rise apartment buildings of 30~40 floors was planned. However, during the Pyongyang redevelopment project, apartments of more or less than 10 floors were built and row-houses of more or less than 4 floors were built. In terms of the complex scale, a lot of small complexes of around 300 households are emerging after 2010. The construction projects are mainly limited to specific regions such as Pyongyang and Samjiyeon, and also limited to specific classes such as the workers and soldiers initially and the scientists lately. In addition, living boundary composition and ancillary facilities for sufficient green area ratio securement and the people of North Korea are maintained consistently. In recent years, the specialized floor planning such as solar house and the house for the disabled people, framework houses for redevelopment business, and multi-storied house construction technology are also emerging.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.48-56
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• 2013

Energy consumption analysis of multi-family apartment is an important area of research for the design of energy-saving housing. In this study, we selected a universal type of Flat-type apartments and analyzed the heating energy consumption of variables such as U-value, G-value, infiltration rate, heating setpoint and boiler efficiency with EnergyPlus and eQUEST. With these results, we identify the characteristics of EnergyPlus and eQUEST and provided base data for the design of energy-saving housing. The results indicate that infiltration rate is the most important factors to consider. And eQUEST heating energy consumption is approximately 10% higher compared to the EnergyPlus under same condition.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.37-42
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• 2015

Purpose: Apartment is a typical residential type in Korea. In the past, apartment types were very monotonous. But today, the types of complex are changed because personal needs have been diversified and personalized. In order to meet those needs, construction companies are constructing various types of apartments. The more apartment types are diverse, the more the energy problems are taken place. So, the purpose of this study is to solve the problem of energy gap in the same complex through improving the thermal transmittance of wall. Method: Heating energy consumption of Building Energy Efficiency Rating System and heating energy usage of apartment show a similar trend on the graph. In order to identify the best position of heating energy consumption difference reduction, we change the building's U-value of front, back, side walls. Result: In the A complex, maximum and minimum heating energy consumption building's shapes are flat. the best efficiency is side U-value change and the worst is front change. In the E complex, maximum heating energy consumption building's shape is tower and minimum building shape is flat. Consequently, the front and back wall performance change was little effect to reduce energy gap, while the change of side wall's U-value show the great reduction between building's energy consumptions.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.315-329
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• 2018

Recently, RC transfer slab systems have been used widely to construct high-rise wall-type apartments for securing parking space or public space. However, it is problem that the design method and structural performance evaluation method developed for thin RC flat slab are still used in the design of the transfer slab whose thickness is very thick and therefore structural behavior is expected to be different from RC flat slab. Thus, for the rational design of the transfer slab, the ultimate shear behavior of the RC transfer slab system is required to be analyzed properly. Accordingly, in the present study, the two-way shear behavior of the transfer slab was analyzed using nonlinear FEM according to various design parameters such as thickness of the transfer slab, strength of concrete, shear span ratio, and reinforcement ratio. In addition, the two-way shear strength evaluations of RC transfer slab by the existing evaluation methods were verified by comparing those with the results of nonlinear FEM analysis.