• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.12 no.11
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• pp.1119-1123
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• 2006

The flame image processing and analysis system has been investigated for the optimal pulverized coal firing of thermal power plant, especially for lower nitrogen oxide generation and more safe operation. We aimed at gaining the relationship between burner flame image information and emissions of nitrogen oxide and unburned carbon in furnace utilizing the flame image processing methods, by which we quantitatively determine the condition of combustion on the individual humors. Its feasibility test was undertaken with a pilot furnace for coal firing, through which the system was observed to be effective for the monitoring of the combustion condition of pulverized coal firing boilers.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2015.12a
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• pp.117-119
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• 2015

This paper presents the methods and examples of proper orthogonal decomposition analysis for the understanding of high speed flame movements induced by combustion instabilities in a gas turbine. Phase resolved high-speed flame images were obtained from the combustion test of an industrial gas turbine at the rate of 2000 frame per second, and were utilized for the proper orthogonal decomposition. This analyzing method provided useful information regarding combustion instability characteristics bringing alleviation idea of the instabilities, such as principle modes of flame movement and their energy fractions which mean by which modes and how much the flame coherent structures are composed.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.135-139
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• 2019

In this work, flame retardant acrylic emulsion pressure sensitive adhesives were newly polymerized combining phosphorous flame retardant monomer and acrylic monomer like butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, acrylic acid, and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. The process of polymerization showed 100% of conversion at solid content of 65%, and viscosity of acrylic emulsion was increased up to 5500 cps when phosphorous flame retardant monomer was added into acrylic emulsion. The structure of flame retardant acrylic emulsion was identified using FT-IR and thermal properties like glass transition temperature (Tg) were checked by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Acrylic emulsion without phosphorous flame retardant monomer had Tg of -44.1℃ and peel strength of 2,100gf/inch, however, flame retardant acrylic emulsion showed maximum Tg (-31.4℃) and peel strength of 200gf/inch when 15 part of phosphorous flame retardant monomer was added. Flammability test was also conducted to confirm the application of flame retardant acrylic emulsion as the flame retardant addtive.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.755-764
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• 2020

Due to pronounced mechanical performance and being environmental friendly, aqueous polymer isocyanate adhesive (API) has been widely applied in the production of formaldehyde-free wood products. In this study, flame retardant formaldehyde-free plywood was prepared by incorporation of flame retardants into the API adhesive. Partially phosphorylated poly (vinyl alcohol) (PPVA) which was prepared by reacting poly (vinyl alcohol) with phosphoric acid was used to replace PVA in API formula. In addition, Mg-Al layered double hydroxides (LDH) was chosen as additive flame retardant, replacing traditional filler CaCO₃ in API adhesive formula. And then, the flame retardant API adhesive with main agent (PPVA replacing PVA70wt.%, SBR emulsion 30wt.%), curing agent 10wt.% (accounts for of the main agent), and 20wt.% LDHs (accounts of the main agent) was used to prepare flame retardant plywood. The effect of application of PPVA and Mg-Al LDH on bonding strength of plywood was investigated. The flammability characteristics of the plywood were determined by cone calorimeter test (CCT). The results revealed that compared with the plywood prepared with API adhesive, the use of PPVA and LDH enhanced the flame retardancy of plywood without negatively affecting bonding strength. The CCT tests indicated that the heat release and smoke production flame retardant API plywood were lower than those of the ordinary API glued plywood. Promising developments for flame retardant API adhesive were expected in future applications of flame retardant formaldehyde-free plywood.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.10-15
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• 2009

Flame height calculation in a forest fire is a crucial part of predicting horizontal or vertical flame spread flared by radiation heat transfer. Flame height, which is one of the flame characteristics, can be estimated by the average height of luminous flame. This research relied on flame height observation test on P. densiflora surface fuel bed, which are surface combustibles in a forest, and calorimeter to measure Heat Release Rate, thus produced $H_f=0.027(\dot{Q'})^{2/3}$, flame height calculation equation for surface fuel. The research did not take into consideration such conditions as external velocity, slope and other variables that could affect flame height. According to comparison among experiment results, calculation results of the above formula and those of existing Heskestad formula (1998), it was found that standard error in fallen pine needles between experimental results and calculation results of the above formula amounts to 0.08, whereas standard error in same plant between experimental results and calculation results of existing Heskestad formula amounts to 0.23.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.540-544
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• 2011

Novel phosphrous flame retardant tetramethylene bis(orthophosphorylurea) (TBPU) was synthesized by the reaction of diphosphoric acid with 1,4-butanediol and urea, and charaterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). As the amount of TBPU added in polyurethane foam (PUF) was increased, the flame retardancy of PUF was increased and the mechanical properties were not decreased. Also, in the flame resistance test after the reduced pressure storage, the flame retardancy of TBPU added PUF was retained. We could find out that the thermal resistance of TBPU added PUF increased compared to that of pure PUF.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.234-246
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• 2013

It was found that test piece heated rapidly by 3 kW microwave for 5 minutes satisfies the targeted temperature and the percentage of moisture content, and the highest rate of weight increase is obtained in case of 120 minute immersion in the mixture of phosphates and heterocyclic compounds, from the result of such analysis as: kiln drying schedule, flame retardent by flammability test, insect resistance by termites, and permeability of combined penetrant for the wood after assigning multifunctional finish by immersing conifer structural frame, which is used for the frame work of wooden house and indoor/outdoor finishing in flame retardant and insect repellent materials mixture with the remaining heat of microwave. In addition, after a test of flame retardent treated item, it was identified that every mixture of phosphates corresponds with the standards of flame retardent, and upon investigation of moritality of 7 days after putting termites, it was showed that test piece immersed in the mixture of phosphates and heterocyclic compounds has the best characteristics, showing over 96% of high moritality. From the analysis of inward permeability of combined penetrant for the wood, it was decided that excellent performance in the flame retardent and insect resistance of the wood revealed due to full penetration of combined penetrant as it was found that combined penetrant penetrated through the whole inner cells of the wood.

• Composites Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.177-184
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• 2020

Flame retardant(FR) clothes prohibit additional fire diffusion and make the personnel do their tasks without a hitch in a flammable environment. The existing FR clothes, however, are heavy and give high thermal fatigue. Therefore, it is strongly demanded to develop a light, convenient, and eco-friendly clothes. Recently, many works have been reported to make FR fabrics with phosphorus compounds, but their performance could not satisfy the specified criteria in appraisal standards of domestic and American FR clothes or combat uniforms. In this paper, two kinds of phosphorus compounds were applied to cotton fabric. Graphene oxide functionalized with a phosphorus-rich deep eutectic solvent and ammonium polyphosphate were coated on cotton fabric by eco-friendly padding procedure. The coated fabrics were analyzed with thermogravimetric analysis, vertical flame resistance test(ASTM D6413), cone calorimeter test(ISO 5660-1), and method of test for limited flame spread(ISO 15025). It was revealed that the as-made cotton with those two materials simultaneously had better flame resistance than the cottons with each one. Furthermore, an additional coating for hydrophobicity on the FR cotton was tried for better washing fastness.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.99-106
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• 2011

Experiments of Cone calorimeter test and Lift spread flame apparatus test are carried out in order to appraise fire hazard in color nonwoven used mostly on the spot in construction works. As the result, in color nonwoven combustibility is discovered not firing flame in surface, but firing under state of combustible gas occuring in the state of melting. In the case of Lift spread flame apparatus test, color nonwoven is very brittle which almost no flame spread owing to contracting and break by firing strength. The following data are agree with basis: total heat release is 2.66 MJ/$m^2$, limited combustible material (10 min) of incombustible rating appraisal in interior material of building, and incombustible materials (5 min) 8 MJ/$m^2$ in spite of the above data mentioned, those data are only as basis of interior finish, and so I cannot judge color nonwoven have incombustible rating retain through the above data. Accordingly, the basis of incombustible rating and experiment method about exterior finish must be arranged also.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.1652-1656
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• 2022

Fire tests were conducted on cables using fire-retardant paint employed in nuclear power plants that transmit electrical power, control and instrument signals. The failure criteria of various power and control cables coated with fire retardant coating at three different coating thicknesses (~0.5 mm, 1.0 mm & 1.5 mm) were studied under direct flame test using Container Fire Test Facility (CFTF) based on standard tests for bare cables. A direct flame fire test was conducted for 10 min with an LPG ribbon burner rated at ten by fixing the cable samples in a vertical cable track. Inner sheath temperature was measured until ambient conditions were achieved by natural convection. The cables are visually evaluated for damage and the mass loss percentage. Cable functionality is ascertained by checking for electrical continuity for each sample. The thickness of cable coating on fire exposure is also studied by comparing the transient variation of inner sheath temperature along the Cable length. This study also evaluated the adequacy of fire-retardant coating on cables used for safety-critical equipment in nuclear power plants.