• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.357-368
• /
• 2016

In DAB+, HE-AAC v2 codec is applied for the fixed rate transmission of audio stream. In case that xHE-AAC codec including USAC, a more efficiency is expected when the variable frame is used in a given same bandwidth compared to the fixed frame transmission. For this to be realized, audio streams need to be multiplexed in a sub-channel before transmission, then a method is required to identify the border of each audio frames. In this paper, the toggled sync byte and additional identification field being sequentially placed between AU borders are proposed in order to deal with the AU border identification. In addition, the Reed-Solomon based error correction code which is compliant to DAB+ is proposed.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
• /
• v.16 no.6
• /
• pp.1036-1046
• /
• 2011

MPEG and VCEG have constituted a collaboration team called JCT-VC(Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding) and have been developing HEVC(High Efficiency Video Coding) standard. All transform coefficients in a TU(Transform Unit) have been equally quantized according to the quantization and inverse quantization method which is used in HEVC standard. Such an equal quantization is not efficient because the transformed coefficients in the TU are not eqully distributed. Furthermore, the quantized coefficients which is positioned in later scanning order cannot be efficient due to the entropy scanning method. We suggest an algorithm that transform coefficients are quantized at different values according to the position in TU considering a scanning order of entropy encoding to improve the coding efficiency. The principle of this algorithm is that quantization and inverse quantization are carried out according to the scanning order which is in accordance with the statistical characteristic of distribution of quantized transform coefficients. The proposed algorithm shows on the average of 0.34% Y BD-rate compression rate improvement.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.183-192
• /
• 2008

Modern dental reconstructions do not only aim at restoring the patient's mastication, but rather at improving general well-being and quality of life, especially in terms of esthetics. The media, the internet, advertising, and many other facts of society contribute to an increased cosmetic awareness. A 35-year-old male patient presented with as follows: 1) the porcelain fracture of ceramo-metal restoration on #11 and #23, 2) the inclination of incisal plane to horizontal reference plane, 3) the dental midline deviation to facial midline, and 4) the lack of symmetry on upper anterior dentition. The patient requested an aesthetic improvement using fixed prosthodontics including implant-supported restorations. In the upper anterior region, one of the goals of the conventional as well as implant prosthesis is to achieve restorations with the dental attractiveness and beauty in the respect of dental, dentofacial, and facial compositions. This case report presents geometrically improvement of dental esthetics using conventional and implant prosthesis with soft and hard tissue augmentation.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TE
• /
• v.42 no.4
• /
• pp.7-14
• /
• 2005

Recently, images/videos have been preferred as the communication media because of their information-implication and easy recognizability. But the amount of their data is so large that it has been the major research area to compress their data. This paper is related to optimization in the image data format which can make a great effect in performance of data compression and is based on the wavelet transform and JPEG2000. This paper established a criterion to decide the data format to he used in wavelet transform which is on the bases of the data errors in frequency transform and quantization. This criterion has been used to extract the optimal data format experimentally. The result were (1, 9) of 10-bit fixed-point format for filter coefficients and (9, 7) of 16-bit fixed-point data format for wavelet coefficients and their optimality was confirmed.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
• /
• v.19 no.10
• /
• pp.2441-2449
• /
• 2015

In this digital information era, utilization of images are essential for various media, and the edge is an important characteristical information of an object in images that includes the size, location, direction and etc. Many domestic and international studies are being conducted in order to detect these edge. Existing edge detection methods include Sobel, Prewitt, Roberts, Laplacian, LoG and etc. which apply fixed weight value. As these existing edge detection methods apply fixed weight mask to the image, edge detection characteristic appears slightly insufficient. Accordingly, in order to supplement these problems, this study used bottom-hat transformation from mathematical morphology and opening operation in improving the image and proposed an algorithm that detects for the edge after calculating mask-based gradient. And to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, a comparison was made against the existing Sobel, Roberts, Prewitt, Laplacian, LoG edge detection methods, in illustrating visual images, and similarities were compared by calculating the MSE value based on the standard of each image.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
• /
• v.21 no.5
• /
• pp.689-703
• /
• 2016

A dispute over price for retransmitting terrestrial channels between Terrestrial Television Systems and Cable TV System Operator(SO)s has been underway up to now since 2007 and expected to last unless there is a measure of extraordinary countermeasures. Thus, in this paper, we present a scheme for calculating the reasonable price on retransmitting terrestrial channels. Re-transmission price calculation scheme is presented in two ways. One is to calculate the price for the extent to which Terrestrial broadcasters and Cable broadcasters contribute, and the other is to calculate the price for terrestrial channels retransmitted by applying the method of Cable TV PP program fee basis. In addition, on profit-sharing scheme and criteria for program fee we present two ways of subscription, which are flat sum system and fixed rate system.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.83-89
• /
• 2002

To establish in vitro mass production system of grape anthocyanin pigments through callus and cell suspension culture, the effects of nitrogen amount and the ratio of $NO_3^-$/$NH_4^+$ in the medium on cell growth and anthocyanin production were investigated. Total nitrogen amount and the ratio of $NO_3^-$/$NH_4^+$ in the medium strongly affected anthocyanin production and cell growth. When $NH_4^+$ was fixed, the cell growth was promoted by 50 mM total nitrogen (20 mM $NO_3^-$ : 30 mM $NH_4^+$ ) than other nitrogen combinations, and was strongly inhibited when $NO_3^-$ was lacking (0 mM $NO_3^-$ : 60 mM $NH_4^+$ ) while anthocyanin production was increased. When $NO_3^-$ was fixed, the cell growth was promoted by 70 mM total nitrogen (40 mM $NO_3^-$ : 30 mM $NH_4^+$) than other nitrogen combinations, and was strongly inhibited when $NO_3^-$ was lacking (0 mM $NO_3^-$ : 60 mM $NH_4^+$ ) while anthocyanin production was increased. Cell growth was gradually increased by all nitrogen combinations, but anthocyanin production reached its peak on day 4 in culture. Anthocyanin content increased with decreasing cell density. Sucrose was rapidly hydrolyzed to fructose and glucose within 4 days. Glucose and fructose concentrations in the medium increased and peaked at the 4th day. The anthocyanin content of $NH_4^+$-free 2% sucrose media was 2 times (200 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g) higher than that of 1% sucrose. When $NO_3^-$ was lacking, the highest anthocyanin production was observed at 4% sucrose after 12 days of culture, and increased along with the sucrose concentration.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.47-54
• /
• 2015

Emotional reaction of audience can be decided by observing reaction of audience for content. We can use a method to analyze visual data from video camera to detect reaction of audience fast and economically. This paper proposes the method and system to observe audience reaction from visual data of audience and define via neural network. Also we propose a new method to detect automatically an area for audience reaction with face detection to improve a fixed area assignment method which has a limitation not to adapt depending on audiences. Additionally, the evaluation is implemented to show that the proposed method and system is effective. The proposed method showed the performance elevation of 10.5 % (7.75 hit ration) compared to a fixed area assignment method.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
• /
• v.18 no.8
• /
• pp.1877-1884
• /
• 2014

Because of the limited power resource, we need a reliable low-power media access control technique suitable for unmaned remote sensor operation condition for the unmanned sensor processor to perform the task in the remote wireless network situation. Therefore CSMA/CA and X-MAC is generally considered to effectively transmit the signal in the low-power wireless network. In this paper, we propose the more efficient low-power LP-MAC Technique which consumes the minimum power and transmits the data faster in condition that the mobile nodes' joining to and leaving from the network which consists of the fixed nodes is fluid. The fixed nodes operate in an asynchronous mode to perform the network self-configuration and transmit data faster to the mobile node which is frequently join and leave the network. When the mobile node leaves the network, the network's operation mode will be synchronous mode to achieve the minimum power consumption, thus the minimum power operation becomes possible.

• Design Convergence Study
• /
• v.14 no.5
• /
• pp.31-45
• /
• 2015

Recently, due to the development of interactive media, Interactive Typography, which explores user input and interaction is under development. Unlike traditional typography which has a fixed nature, the flexible and fluid nature of Interactive Typography and Interactive System, enables diverse results. In this study, I have developed an Interactive Typography art piece based on theoretical research. By reviewing books, papers and articles, I have tried to define the meaning and characteristics of Interactive Typography. In understanding the concept of Interactive System, I have borrowed the concept of mathematical function. Based on the research, I have designed and developed an Interactive Typography piece, 'Interactive floral type' by using Adobe flash action script. This piece explores the beautiful shape of each alphabet letters and transforms individual character into a 'flower' shape through user's mouse and keyboard input. Depending on the input the size, color, and layout and motion of text changes in real time to change the letters into beautiful flowers.