• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.65-72
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• 2003

Adsorption and desorption characteristics of methyl iodide at high temperature conditions up to 25$0^{\circ}C$ by TEDA-impregnated activated carbon and silver-ion exchanged zeolite(AgX-10), which are used for radioiodine retention in nuclear facility, were experimentally evaluated. In the range of temperature from 3$0^{\circ}C$ to 25$0^{\circ}C$, the adsorption capacity of base activated carbon decreased sharply with increasing temperature but that of TEDA-impregnated activated carbon showed higher value even at high temperature ranges. Especially, the residual amount of methyl iodide after desorption on TEDA-AC represented 30% lower value than that on AgX-10. However, it can be used as an adsorbent for the removal of methyl iodide up to 15$0^{\circ}C$ if it is preventing explosion by Ignition. The breakthrough curves of methyl iodide in the fixed bed packed with AgX-10 uP to 40$0^{\circ}C$ were compared upon the effects of bed temperatures, bed depth and input concentration of methyl iodide. Removal mechanism of methyl iodide on AgX-10 was proposed, based on the analysis of by-product gas generated from adsorption reaction.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.155-159
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of posture changes(Anteroposterior projection, Posteroanterior projection) in the plain abdominal examination on breast dose and to examine its clinical usefulness. This study was used a human body phantom and a glass dosimeter. Glass dosimeters were directly inserted from the center and outside of medial and lateral. In this study, the deep dose was measured in the right breast and the surface dose in the left breast. During the abdominal examination, the central X-ray incident point was perpendicularly incident to the image receptor 5 cm above the iliac crest. The exposure parameters were 82 kVp, 320 mA, 50 ms, x-ray field size 14×17 inch The distance between the center X-ray and the detector was fixed at 110 cm, and only the top two AEC chambers were used. As a result of this study, the medial and lateral side doses of the right breast were 535.73±30.68 μGy and 414.46±33.52 μGy for erect AP, and 145.80±18.52 μGy and 148.76±12.92 μGy in erect PA. The superficial breast dose was 754.00±68.36 μGy on the medial side and 674.06±45.58 μGy on the lateral side in the erect AP, 70.66±7.98 μGy on the medial side, and 86.46±15.35 μGy on the lateral side in the erect PA. There was a statistically significant difference in the difference between the mean values of the medial and lateral side doses in the deep and superficial areas of the breast according to the postural change (p <0.01). As a result of this study, If the abdominal radiography was examined in the PA position, the dose reduction effect was 72.78% on the medial side, 64.10% on the lateral side of the deep breast, 90.62% on the medial side, and 87.17% on the lateral side of the superficial breast compared to the AP position.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.137-155
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• 1996

본 논문은 다이아몬드 인터체인지에서의 유고감지모형 개발을 위해 퍼지이론을 응용한 연구를 문서화 한 것이다. 지금까지의 교차로와 일반도로(고속도로가 아닌)에서의 유고감지에 관한 연구는 초기에 불과하다. 기존의 알고리즘들은 필요한 데이터 보존의 어 려움과 유고감지의 특성과 관련된 기술적 어려움을 효과적으로 극복하지 못하고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 다이아몬드 인터체인지에서의 유고감지를 위한 새로운 모형을 개발하는데 있다. 이 연구를 통하여 개발된 유고감지 모형은 차량차단 유고(lane-blocking incidents) 를 감지하는데, 감지의 범위는 차량차단 유고의 경향이 교통 장황에 특정한 패턴을 형성 하고 그에 따른 신호제어전략의 조정이 요구될 때에 국한된다. 이 모형은 전통적인 통계 치를 이용한 유고감지감 고유의 문제를 해결하며, 보다 정확하고 신뢰성 있는 유고감지를 위해 다양한 교통변수를 이용하여 전체적인 유고의 경향을 포착한다. 또한 이 모형은 실 시간 교통대응 다이아몬드 인터체인지 신호제어 시스템 (real-time traffic adaptive diamond interchange control system)의 구성요소로써 사용되며, 그리고 더 큰 교차로 시스템에의 상용을 위하여 확장이 용역하도록 설계되었다. 본 연구를 통해 개발된 프로 토타입(prototype) 유고감지 모형은 실제의 다이아몬드 인터체인지에 적용되어, 감지율, 오보율, 평감지시간의 세 달로써 성능이 평가되었다. 모형의 성능평가 결과는 무적이었으 며, 퍼지이론은 유고감지에 효과적인 접근방법임을 확인할 수 있었다.투자의 타당성을 실증적으로 보여 주고 있다.산정 절차 정립에 엇갈림 알고리즘을 활용하는 방안을 제시하였다.자함수를 추정한 뒤 이를 이용해 업종, 기업규모, 상품유형별로 적합한 모델(Fixed Effects Model)을 결정하고, 각각에 해당하는 통계모형을 구축하였다. 이 결과 (1) 업종 및 기업규모별로 그룹간에 유의한 특성이 발견되었으며, (2) R&D 및 광고투자는 기업의 시장성과를 설명하는 중요한 변수이나, (3) R&D 투자의 경우는 광고에 비해 불확실성이 존재하는 것으로 나타났고, (4) 수리모형에서 도출된 한계원리가 통계모형에서도 유효한 것으로 드러났다.등을 토대로 한 10대 산업을 육성하기 위하여 과학기술부는 기술수요조사를 바탕으로 49개 주요기술을 도출하여, 과학기술 일류 국가 실현, 국민소득 2만불 달성이라는 국가적 슬로건을 내걸고 “차세대 성장동력” 창출을 위한 범정부차원의 기획과 연구비의 집중투자를 추진하고 있다.달성하기 위해서는 종합류류 전산망의 시급한 구축과 함께 화물차의 적재율을 높이고 공차율을 낮출 수 있는 운송체계의 수립이 필요한 것으로 판단된다. 그라나 이러한 화물전용차선의 효과는 단기적인 치유책일 수밖에 없기 때문에 물류유통 시설의 확충을 위한 사회간접자본의 구축을 서둘러 시행하여야 할 것이다.으로 처리한 Machine oil, Phenthoate EC 및 Trichlorfon WP는 비교적 약효가 낮았다.>$^{\circ}$E/$\leq$30$^{\circ}$NW 단열군이 연구지역 내에서 지하수 유동성이 가장 높은 단열군으로 추정된다. 이러한 사실은 3개 시추공을 대상으로 실시한

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.989-995
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• 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Taeeumjowuitanggagam-bang(TJV) on the mRNA expression of adipocytokines (TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6), and SREBPs. Mice were divided into 4 groups ; a normal group of db/+ mice, a control group of db/db mice, a group (db/db mice) treated with TJV 200 mg/kg, and a group (db/db mouse) treated with TJV 500 mg/kg. They were treated orally with TJV and measured their body weight every other day during 9 weeks. After that, we measured the mRNA expression of adipocytokines (TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6) and SREBPs (SREBE-1a and SREBP-1c) in liver, and blood concentration of total cholesterol, triglyceride, too. In addition, liver samples were fixed in 4% PFA for 2 hours and stored in $-70^{\circ}C$. Liver tissues were embedded in Optical cutting temperature(OCT) compound and 30 ${\mu}m$ sections were cut. Tissue sections were stained Oil-Red-O to visualize neutral lipids. Nuclei were stained with hematoxylin solution. In result, the TJV reduced the mRNA expressions of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 and SREBPs in liver and stained liver tissue less red than control group. However, there was no significant differences in total cholestreol and triglyceride blood concentration and body weight among groups. The TJV has inhibitory effect on the mRNA expression of adipocytokines and SREBPs. Therefore, it is assumed that the TJV is related to inhibiting lipogenesis in the liver

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.518-526
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• 2015

Objectives This study investigated the effect of purified safflower (Carthamus tinctorius Linne) and safflower seed (Carthamus tinctorius L. seed; CS) extract, using hot water and ethanol extract methods , on the osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3E1 cells.Methods The safflower and safflower seed were extracted with hot water and ethanol. The samples were concentrated by a rotary evaporator and then freeze-dried using a freeze-dryer. The MC3T3E1 cells were propagated and maintained in DMEM (Gibco) containing 10% FBS and a 1% antibiotic antimycotic solution. To induce osteogenic differentiation, the cells were treated for 14 days with DMEM with 10 mM β-glycerophosphate and 50 μM ascorbic acid. Extract doses were confirmed by the results of an MTT assay, and treatment of the extracts was performed in a differentiation medium every two days. The ALP staining and activity were tested after osteogenic differentiation for five days, and after 14 days, osteogenic differentiation was determined by alizarin red S staining. The mRNA expressions of osteogenic-related genes were quantified using quantitative real-time PCR.Results In the results of the MTT assay, all concentrations of safflower extracts had no toxicity in the MC3T3El cells. But in the groups of 100 ng/ml and 200 ng/ml concentrations of safflower seed extracts, the cell viability was significantly reduced by up to 40-50%. So we fixed the treatment concentration of the extract at 50 ng/ml. In the ALP and alizarin red S staining, all extract groups increased osteogenic differentiation compared with the control group. The water-safflower extract group showed the highest mRNA level of Alp, Runx2, and Dlx5 genes. The mRNA level of Ocn, an osteogenic gene related to late-stage differentiation, in the ethanol-safflower extract group increased the mineralization more significantly than in other groups.Conclusions These data suggest that the extract of safflower increases the osteoblastic differentiation activates of MC3T3E1 cells like the extract of safflower seed. The water-extract and ethanol-extract of safflower have effects on different stages of osteogenesis in MC3T3El. Not only safflower seed but also safflower will be useful therapeutic reagents for age-associated chronic diseases such as osteoporosis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.02a
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• pp.478-478
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• 2012

Recently, there are many researches in order to increase the deposition rate (D/R) and improve film uniformity and quality in the deposition of microcrystalline silicon thin film. These two factors are the most important issues in the fabrication of the thin film solar cell, and for the purpose of that, several process conditions, including the large area electrode (more than 1.1 X 1.3 (m2)), higher pressure (1 ~ 10 (Torr)), and very high frequency regime (VHF, 40 ~ 100 (MHz)), have been needed. But, in the case of large-area capacitively coupled discharges (CCP) driven at frequencies higher than the usual RF (13.56 (MHz)) frequency, the standing wave and skin effects should be the critical problems for obtaining the good plasma uniformity, and the ion damage on the thin film layer due to the high voltage between the substrate and the bulk plasma might cause the defects which degrade the film quality. In this study, we will propose the new concept of the large-area multi-electrode (a new multi-electrode concept for the large-area plasma source), which consists of a series of electrodes and grounds arranged by turns. The experimental results with this new electrode showed the processing performances of high D/R (1 ~ 2 (nm/sec)), controllable crystallinity (~70% and controllable), and good uniformity (less than 10%) at the conditions of the relatively high frequency of 40 MHz in the large-area electrode of 280 X 540 mm2. And, we also observed the SEM images of the deposited thin film at the conditions of peeling, normal microcrystalline, and powder formation, and discussed the mechanisms of the crystal formation and voids generation in the film in order to try the enhancement of the film quality compared to the cases of normal VHF capacitive discharges. Also, we will discuss the relation between the processing parameters (including gap length between electrode and substrate, operating pressure) and the processing results (D/R and crystallinity) with the process condition map for ${\mu}c$-Si:H formation at a fixed input power and gas flow rate. Finally, we will discuss the potential of the multi-electrode of the 3.5G-class large-area plasma processing (650 X 550 (mm2) to the possibility of the expansion of the new electrode concept to 8G class large-area plasma processing and the additional issues in order to improve the process efficiency.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-53
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• 2015

In environmental policy areas, a greater use of economic instruments (EIs) has recently been observed in many countries. However, EIs are heterogeneous policy tools. The textbook case of a Pigouvian tax is far from widely used, mainly due to the information requirements and other structural and institutional constraints. The successful implementation of EIs might heavily depend on pre-existing structural and institutional conditions. Moreover, these institutional conditions are particularly unfavorable in developing countries. Using a simple analytical general equilibrium model, this paper examines how these constraints affect the welfare gain from the introduction of environmental taxes in developing countries. First, this paper solves for the second-best optimal Pigouvian tax and output tax in the presence of a distortionary tax on market use of labor. The result confirms that an environmental output tax achieves a socially-efficient level of emissions in the least-cost manner only if the nature of the linkage between the tax base and the environmental damage is fixed. Second, incorporating structural and institutional constraints into the model through a set of parameter values from China and the US, this paper calculates the net welfare effects of either using the ideal Pigouvian tax or instead using an output tax. The numerical simulation results show that the net welfare gain from the use of an ideal Pigouvian tax could be more than six times larger than that of an output tax in developing countries. On the other hand, the welfare gain is only 50 percent in developed countries. This means that the potential welfare disadvantage from using output taxes instead emissions tax for environmental purposes could be much greater in the case of developing countries.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.292-303
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• 2001

This work reports the tunneling effects of the lateral field emitters. Tunneling effect is applicable to the VMFS(vacuum magnetic field sensors). VMFS uses the fact that the trajectory of the emitted electrons are curved by the magnetic field due to Lorentz force. Polysilicon was used as field emitters and anode materials. Thickness of the emitter and the anode were $2\;{\mu}m$, respectively. PSG(phospho-silicate-glass) was used as a sacrificial layer and it was etched by HF at a releasing step. Cantilevers were doped with $POCl_3(10^{20}cm^{-3})$. $2{\mu}m$-thick cantilevers were fabricated onto PSG($2{\mu}m$-thick). Sublimation drying method was used at releasing step to avoid stiction. Then, device was vacuum sealed. Device was fixed to a sodalime-glass #1 with silver paste and it was wire bonded. Glass #1 has a predefined hole and a sputtered silicon-film at backside. The front-side of the device was sealed with sodalime-glass #2 using the glass frit. After getter insertion via the hole, backside of the glass #1 was bonded electrostatically with the sodalime-glass #3 at $10^{-6}\;torr$. After sealing, getter was activated. Sealing was successful to operate the tunneling device. The packaged VMFS showed very small reduced emission current compared with the chamber test prior to sealing. The emission currents were changed when the magnetic field was induced. The sensitivity of the device was about 3%/T at about 1 Tesla magnetic field.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2005

With recent interest organic farming the use of legumes including vetch and clover to provide N to adjacent crops is increasing in Korea. In the present studies, we conducted a trial to investigate the effects of the application of N rate on nitrogen fixation and transfer from vetch to barley in mixed stands. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Four different N rates(0, 75, 113 and 150/ha) was used and vetch+barley was broadcasted manually on 1.5 $\times$2 m plot in Oct. 2001. Half of urea and K$_{2}O, 200 Phosphate and 75 kg potash per ha were applied as basal dressing md half of N md 75 potash were used for topdressing to soil surface on MarctL 2002. The equivalent of 1kg ha$^{-1}$ at($^{15}$NH$_{4}$)$_{2}$SO$_{4}$ solution at 99.8 atom $\%$$^{15}$N excess was applied to the microplot in mid April. Forage was harvested from each plot at ground level and separated into barley and vetch. Total N content and It values of samples were determined using a continuous flow stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry(IsoPrime-EA. Micromass, UK.). The percentage of legume H fixed from atmospheric N2 were 95.0, 93.8, 94.4 and $84.8\%$ with increment of N levels. The percentage of N transfer from vetch to barley by N-difference method with increment of N fertilizer were from 58 to$49\%$ while 39 to $23\%$ in $^{15}$N-dilution method. The amount of transfer from vetch to barley were 87 to 68 kg/ ha with N level by N-difference moth여 and 58 to -56/ha with N application levels by $^{15}$N dilution method. The amount of nitrogen fixation per ha were from 150 kg / ha to 219 kg / ha by different method, but on the other side 49 to 105kg/ha by N$^{15}$-dilution.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.182-188
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• 2014

In an oscillating water column (OWC)-type wave energy conversion system, the performance of the OWC chamber depends on the chamber shape, as well as the incident wave direction and pressure drop produced by the turbine. Although the previous studies on OWC chambers have focused on wave absorbing performance in ideal operating conditions, incident waves do not always arrive normally to the OWC chamber in real sea conditions, especially in fixed devices. The present study deals with experiments and numerical calculations to investigate the effects of wave direction on the performance of the OWC chamber. The experiments were carried out in a three-dimensional wave basin for five different wave directions, including the effect of turbine using the corresponding orifice. The wave elevation inside the chamber was measured at the center point under various incident wave conditions. The numerical study was conducted by using a numerical wave tank-based volume-of-fluid model to compare the results with experimental data and to reveal the detailed flows around the chamber.