• Human Ecology Research
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.509-518
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• 2014

This study strives to analyze the characteristics of and changes in breast shapes of women in their 30s, whose bodies start to age and whose breasts experience changes due to internal and external factors such as pregnancy, childbearing, and breast-feeding. The analysis of the indirect breast measurements for each age group (early, mid, and late 30s) demonstrates that the volume of the breasts increases proportionally with age, the breasts lose their firmness, and the nipples start to point downwards rather than to the sides. The breast shapes experience more significant changes vertically than horizontally as the breasts start to sag downwards. The composition factors of the breasts have been classified into five factors: the level of volume in the breasts and the surrounding area, the degree of sagging in the breasts, the position and vertical width of the breasts, the volume of the breasts, and the degree of width between the breasts. The breasts have been categorized into three different shapes. Breast Shape I (32.56%) appeared most frequently among women in their mid 30s, and this shape falls into the category of Sagging I, which is one of the six breast types that have been classified by the Japanese Wacoal Research Center, in addition to Korean size 80A. Breast Shape II (38.76%) appeared most frequently among women in their mid 30s, and this shape has been categorized as flat with its size being 70A. Breast Shape III (28.68%) appeared most frequently among women in their early 30s with a conical shape and size 75A.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.75-88
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• 2006

Purpose : This study are the secondary data of Global Youth Tobacco Survey(GYTS) developed by the WHO and United State Center for Disease Control(CDC) and Prevention to trace tobacco use among youth in youth in countries across the world. This study was carried out to serve for a basis for antismoking campaigns and to prevent adolescents from smoking by analyzing the smoking by analyzing the smoking realities factors. Methods : This study is a cross-sectional school-based survey, which employed a two-stage cluster sample design to produce a nationally representative sample of middle school students aged 13 to 15 years olds. Seventy-five schools were selected. All schools containing grade 1, 2 and 3 that contained 40 or students were included in the sampling frame. Results : The results of this study were as follows ; 1. The proportion of smoking students in middle school was 6.4% and the rate of smoking in male students(7.4%) was higher than it of in female students(5.5%). 2. 26.5% of all respondent had a experience to try smoke and the results showed that the rate of trying smoking in male students was increased by grade more than female students. 3. According to test of significance in regression analysis, the independent variables such as sex, school grade, smoking parents, friends distinction, pocket money and others showed statistical significance. 4. There was a statistical significance between smokers and nonsmokers in proportion to the completing the preventive education for nonsmoking(p=0.0023) and the acquirement of knowledge on smoking(p<.0001). 5. Finally there was a statistical significance between the exposure to anti-smoking campaign(p=0.0053) and tobacco advertisement in the mass media and the smoking(p=0.0036). Conclusion : All things considered, the health education for tobacco control in school need to be developed from an elementary school. I suggest that prevent smoking program in school need to be revitalized and be made more accessible for everyone who wish to quit. And the government should develop the regulation on total banning promoting cigarette advertising and smoking scene in the movie for young people.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.333-342
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to identify factors influencing elderly care burden of a working family. Methods: A descriptive correlational design was used. Participants was 153 family member of elderly at five nursing facilities. Data were collected through self-reported questionnaires from July to October 2019. Data were analyzed using an independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis with the SPSS WIN 25.0 program. Analysis result, explaining 20,8% of the variance, which indicated that subjects for giving care, monthly admission fee, burden of expenses, and satisfaction for fee service were significant predictors of working family's care burden. Various individual characteristics significantly influenced working family's care burden in aspects of emotional, social, economical, and physical burdens. Therefore, interventions to decrease working family's care burden must focus on their individual factors.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.93-104
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• 2003

This study investigated clothing shopping propensity and consumer awareness of Chinese adult men to provide necessary basic data for effective construction to cope with inroads into Chinese men's wear market. Research subjects were Chinese men in big five city (Beijing, Shanghai, Dalian, Harbin, Guangzhou). Returned 863 questionnaires were analyzed by mean, factor analysis, ANOVA, Duncan's Multiple Range, regression analysis with SPSS 10.0. Results of this research were as follows: 1. Chinese men's apparel shopping propensity factors were analyzed by four groups, such as fashion toward propensity, consume propensity, brand loyalty propensity, and casual preference propensity. 2. Consume propensity among 4 factors influenced most on consumer buying awareness. Brand loyalty propensity among 4 factors influenced most on consumer brand awareness. Fashion toward propensity influenced most on consumer fashion awareness. 3. According to region, there were significant differences to four grouped apparel shopping propensities. Harbin, Guangzhou were indicated higher fashion toward propensity than other areas. Guangzhou was indicated higher consume propensity than Dalian. Dalian was showed lower brand loyalty propensity than other areas. Beijing was showed higher casual preference propensity than Guangzhou. According to income, there were significant differences to four apparel shopping propensities. Highest income group was showed higher fashion toward propensity than other income. The higher men earned income, the higher brand loyalty propensity. Highest income group was showed lower casual preference propensity than lowest income.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.142-156
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• 1986

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the value evaluation of food in urban Korean adolescents. The conclusions drawn from the analysis of values of foods are as follows: 1. There are five factors drawn from the analysis of values of foods, that is, subjective evaluational factor. Objective factors are social factor, economic factor, quality attribute factor, and freguency of food intake factor. And it has been revealed that there is some relationship between these factors. The subjective evaluational variable depends most strongly on the sensory variable, especially taste, flavor, color and shape of food, described in the order of influence. It also depends on the experiential frequency of intake. 2. With regard to the attitude of evaluation of food, there is a considerable difference between junior high school students and high school students, and between male and female students, This difference can be noticed in almost all the variables dealt with in this study, especially in the subjective evaluational aspect, experiential aspect, and social aspect, A significant difference was found between junior high school students and high school students and between male and female students on both subjective and objective values of foods. Male students valued food which brought about a 'Satiety' more so than female. And consequently, they take such kinds of foods more frequently. More female students than male students and more junior high school students than high school students have a strong conception of the socio-cultural value of foods, that is, the spatial and temporal symbol of foods.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.724-735
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• 2019

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate relationship between delirium, risk factors on delirium, and patient prognosis based on Donabedian's structure-process-outcome model. Methods: This study utilized a path analysis design. We extracted data from the electronic medical records containing delirium screening data. Each five hundred data in a delirium and a non-delirium group were randomly selected from electronic medical records of medical and surgical intensive care patients. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20 and AMOS 24. Results: In the final model, admission via emergency department (Β=.06, p=.019), age over 65 years (Β=.11, p=.001), unconsciousness (Β=.18, p=.001), dependent activities (Β=.12, p=.001), abnormal vital signs (Β=.12, p=.001), pressure ulcer risk (Β=.12, p=.001), enteral nutrition (Β=.12, p=.001), and use of restraint (Β=.30, p=.001) directly affecting delirium accounted for 56.0% of delirium cases. Delirium had a direct effect on hospital mortality (Β=.06, p=.038), hospital length of stay (Β=5.06, p=.010), and discharge to another facility (not home) (Β=.12, p=.001), also risk factors on delirium indirectly affected patient prognosis through delirium. Conclusion: The use of interventions to reduce delirium may improve patient prognosis. To improve the dependency activities and risk of pressure ulcers that directly affect delirium, early ambulation is encouraged, and treatment and nursing interventions to remove the ventilator and drainage tube quickly must be provided to minimize the application of restraint. Further, delirium can be prevented and patient prognosis improved through continuous intervention to stimulate cognitive awareness and monitoring of the onset of delirium. This study also discussed the effects of delirium intervention on the prognosis of patients with delirium and future research in this area.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.452-464
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to identify the brand personality factors of SNS based on SNS consumers and to examine the effect of SNS brand personality factors on the recognition of mobile native ads in SNS. As a property of mobile native advertisement, research model is suggested by introducing information, reliability, entertainment, interferences, and interactivity as research variables. And SNS users were surveyed. Through the online survey, 341 copies were used for the analysis. According to the results of the analysis, five characteristics of SNS brand personality factors such as 'sincerity', 'enthusiasm', 'charm', 'practical', and 'community' were derived. Among these, 'sincerity', 'enthusiastic', and 'community' brand attributes have a positive effect on most of mobile native advertising attributes, but 'practical' brand characteristics negatively. The attractiveness of the brand was not related to the mobile native advertisement.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.151-160
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• 2001

Objective : Assuming that the characteristic of meridian system has been similar to this of electric potentials in human body and that measurements of electric potential at well(井穴) and sea(合穴) points in branches of the twelve meridians will be representative of measurements of the twelve meridians, to measure the electric potentials in twenty aged and fifty aged healthy volunteers groups at sleeping(SG) and awakening(AG), and then to find out the characteristic of meridian system among 2 groups. Methods : We selected who thirty healthy volunteers were diagnosed by a blood test, urine examination and differentiation of syndromes by five viscera(五臟辨證) among volunteers. Their electric potential of well and sea points in the meridians were simultaneously measured by physiograph. Results : Measurements were analyzed by statistical factor analysis, we obtained that the both left and right side electric potential of well and sea points in branches of the twelves meridians were unclearly divided into four factors according to age and whether sleeping or not, which were the three Yin meridians of the hand, the three Yang channels of the hand, the three Yin meridians of the foot, and the three Yin meridians of the foot. Conclusion : In conclusion, using the sequently measuring method, we obtained that electrical potentials of well and sea points in branches of the twelves meridians were divided into two factors, but the simultaneously measuring method, those were divided into four factors. The latter result means that the electrical potentials of twelve meridians were reflected by the function of the viscera and bowels.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.902-912
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• 2010

This study compares and contrasts the consumer decision-making styles (CDMS) of South Korean and American Generation Y females. A total of 117 American female and 206 Korean female consumers completed self-report survey questionnaires to assess their consumer decision making styles. Exploratory principal components factor analysis using varimax rotation was used to categorize the items into an underlying set of American and Korean decision-making characteristics. Two-tailed independent t-tests were conducted to examine the differences between the two groups when items appeared to have common factors. Factor analysis identified five common factors between the two samples (i.e., enjoyment, shopping aversion, price consciousness, brand consciousness, and quality consciousness). The t-test results report significant differences in the items reported in each factor between American and Korean females. Some of the factors are more indicative of American female Generation Y consumers than Korean female Generation Y consumers. For example, the American female sample seemed to enjoy shopping and prefer brand names more than the female Korean sample. Koreans females seem to have a higher aversion to shopping than Americans; in addition, Koreans females seem to be more accepting of discount and outlet stores, will wait until the price is low before buying a product, and prefer sales when shopping. Based on the findings, the instrument identified varying CDMS between the two samples used. Previous studies using the Sproles and Kendall (1986) instrument experienced the same issue (Bakewell & Mitchell, 2004, 2006; Bauer et al., 2006; Durvasula et al., 1996; Fan & Xiao, 1998; Hanzaee & Aghasibeig, 2008; Mitchell & Walsh, 2004; Siu et al., 2001; Walsh et al., 2001). The results support the idea that no single instrument can be used to examine CDMS in different cultures. This suggests that each country has a CDMS with internal characteristics. Limitations and research for future studies are also discusse.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.90-98
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• 2011

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of urinary mercury and analyze which factors would affect urinary mercury concentration among dental hygienists in dental clinics. Methods: This study conducted by questionnaire and detection of urinary mercury concentration of 268 dental hygienists working in dental clinics from July to August of 2009. Data collected from two hundred and thirty-five dental hygienists were analyzed by the geometric mean (GM). Analytical results of urine samples with less than 0.3 g creatinine/L and greater than 3g creatinine/L were excluded from statistical analysis. Results: Urinary mercury concentration of 235 dental hygienists showed the geometric distribution. The arithmetic and geometric means of urinary mercury concentration were $0.996{\mu}g/g$ creatinine and $0.755{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, respectively. From multiple regression analysis, the number of amalgam filling, the consumption frequency of raw fish and the number of amalgam handling in current workplace was revealed as increasing factors of urinary mercury concentration. Conclusions: The level of urinary mercury in dental hygienists was higher than in general Korean population. The number of amalgam filling, the consumption frequency of raw fish and the number of amalgam handling in current workplace was revealed as increasing factors of urinary mercury concentration. Therefore using resin materials instead of amalgam in dental clinics is highly desirable.