• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.671-676
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• 2005

A total of 50 individual catfish, the Tra (Pangasius hypophthalmus) cultivated in either floating cages (Tra-c) or in ponds (Tra-p) and the Basa (Pangasius bocourti) raised in three floating cages, were collected in two of the Mekong Delta provinces. The caudal fin of each individual fish was used for protein electrophoresis employing the SDS-PAGE method. The one fillet sides were used as a representative sample to determine the dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE) and amino acids (AAs). The catfish oil was extracted from the belly fats, and the fatty acid (FA) composition was analyzed. There were 21 bands of the Tra and the Basa. Protein bands of the two varieties were 28.6-33.3% polymorphic, while polymorphic individuals of the Tra ranged from 80.0 to 100.0%, and the Basa was 90.0% polymorphic. The phenotypic diversity (Ho) of the Tra ranged from 1.71 to 1.80, while the Basa ranged as high as 2.14%. Diversity values (H$_{EP}$) for genetic diversity markers were equal in the Tra and the Basa. The sum of the effective number of alleles (SENA) of both varieties ranged from 3.40 to 3.83 for the Basa and the Tra, respectively. The lower values of Ho and SENA, as compared with those of the fresh water prawn (Macrobrachium equidens) in the area, would suggest that the species with the low values will become extinct due to inbreeding; the gene pools of each observed population were below a suitable threshold. Many of the differences in the nutritional values of the Tra-c, the Tra-p and the Basa were measured; their nutrient values were comparable to fishmeal or fish oil. Most of the DM, CP, and EE were higher in the Tra, especially in the Tra-c. The essential AA content, especially that of lysine, was highest in the Tra-c, next highest in the Tra-p, and lowest in the Basa. Therefore, the amino acid patterns were closer to the ideal patterns in the same sequences. In contrast, the essential FAs were concentrated in the Basa fish oil. It was found that suitable selection of parents for seed production is required to avoid inbreeding. Catfish may be valuable sources of nutrition for both humans and animals, and the differences in their nutritional values by variety and/or management must be taken into account.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.823-828
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• 1998

명태 actomyosin 용액에 대한 옥수수전분 가수분해물의 동결 보호 효과는 전기영동상 패턴, 용해도 및 $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase 활성 변화로 알아보았다. 먼저 전기영동상 패턴에서 0일차와 저장 30일차를 비교하였을 때, control의 경우 저장온도에 관계없이 각 band들의 변화가 수반되었고, 특히 MHC의 변화가 두드러졌다. Sucrose 첨가구의 경우, 저장온도에 상관없이 band상의 변화가 거의 없는 것으로 나타났다. 전분가수분해물이 첨가된 시료들에서는 온도 의존성이 현저하여 $-5^{\circ}C$에서 저장한 시료들은 MHC band가 나타나지 않았고 반면에 $-20^{\circ}C$에서는 저장 30일 째에도 0일차와 거의 같은 양상을 보였다. 시료들을 $-5^{\circ}C$에서 저장할 때 용해도 변화는 sucrose의 경우 저장 30일 후에도 $90\%$ 이상의 높은 값을 유지한 반면에 나머지 시료들은 저장과 함께 급속히 감소하였다 $-20^{\circ}C$에서는 sucrose, D.E. 10, 15 및 20을 함유한 시료들은 약 $90\%$ 정도를 나타내었다. 잔존 활성 변화에서도 용해도 변화와 거의 유사한 경향을 나타내었다. 이상에서 살펴보았듯이 명태 actomyosin 용액의 동결변성에 대한 옥수수전분가수분해물들의 보호효과는 저장온도에 따라 많은 차이를 나타내었고, 특히 D.E. 10의 경우는 기존의 동결변성 방지제인 sucrose와 비교하여 $-12^{\circ}C$ 이하에서는 거의 같은 효과를 나타내는 것을 알았고, 저감미, 저열량의 동결변성 방지제로서 가능한 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.454-457
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• 2003

A feeding trial was carried out to investigate the utilization of dietary soybean meal and wheat flour as substitutes for fish meal and alginate in different dietary types (powder, pellet and flake) for juvenile snail (Semisulcospira gottschei). After 10 weeks feeding trial, survival was not affected by formulation and type of diets (P>0.05), but weight gain was significantly affected by dietary formulation (P<0.001) and type (P<0.05). In the same dietary formulation, weight gain of the snail fed the flake type of diets was lower than that of the snail fed the powder or pellet types. However, the type of diet did not affect weight gain when snail fed diets containing $37\%$ soybean meal and $18\%$ alginate. The weight gain was lower in the snail fed diets containing $25\%$ fish meal compared with that of the snail for diets containing $33-37\%$ soybean meal at the same dietary type. When soybean meal was used as main protein source in diets, weight gain was not affected by dietary alginate $(0\;and\;18\%)$ and wheat flour $(36\;and\;58\%)$ contents. Crude protein and ash contents of whole body of the snail was not affected either by formulation or by type of diet. Moisture and crude lipid contents of the whole body were significantly affected by dietary formulation, but not by the type. These results indicate that $25\%$ fish meal could be replaced by $37\%$ soybean meal as dietary protein source, and pellet and powder could be desirable dietary type for the optimum growth of the snail.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.485-490
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• 1999

The mechanism of action of fish oil (FO), currently used in different chronic inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), is not completely understood, although it is thought that it could alter the metabolism of endogenous autacoids. In addition, we hypothesized that the known capability of fatty acids (FA) of stabilizing serum albumin and perhaps other proteins, may be of pharmacological relevance considering that it is shared by other anti-rheumatic agents (e.g. nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs). Thus, we studied the effect of oral administration of FO and corn oil (CO), a vegetable oil with a different composition, on the stability of rat serum proteins, evaluated buy a classical in vitro method based on heat-induced protein denaturation. FO, and, to a lower extent, CO inhibited heat-induced denaturation of rat serum (RS): based on the inhibitory activity (EC50) of the major fatty acids against heat-induced denaturation of RS in vitro, it was possible to speculate the in vivo effects of palmitic acid (C16:0) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5, n-3) may be more relevant than that of linolenic acid (C18:2). To better investigate this phenomenon, we extracted albumin from the serum of animals treated or not with FO with a one-step affinity chromatography technique, obtaining high purity rat serum albumin preparations (RSA-CTRL and RSA-FO), as judged by SDS-PAGE with Coomassie blue staining. When these RSA preparations were heated at $70^{\circ}C$ for 30 min, it was noted that RSA-FO was much more stable than RSA-CTRL, presumably due to higher number of long chain fatty acids (FA) such as palmitic acid or EPA. In conclusion, we provided evidences that oral administration of FO in the rat stabilizes serum albumin, due to an increase in the number of protein bound long chain fatty acids (e.g. palitic acid and EPA). We speculate that the stabilization of serum albumin and perhaps other proteins could prevent changes of antigenicity due to protein denaturation and glycosylation, which may trigger pathological autoimmune responses, suggesting that this action may be involved in the mode of action of FO in RA and other chronic inflammatory diseases.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.361-371
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was performed to set easily applicable portion sizes by sex and age for children at the Community Child Centers (CCC) in Korea. Methods: Considering the age and gender specific energy level at Target Patterns for children aged 6-18 years, which were suggested as a part of the 2010 Korean Food Guidance System (KFGS), we set three meal sizes. We reclassified the recommended daily servings of Grains, Meat fish eggs beans and Vegetables group at Target Patterns into three meal sizes, and then calculated the recommended serving per meal. Each proposed amount of food per meal was calculated based on serving size of foods commonly eaten at KFGS, which was then allocated to five meal components; rice, soup stew, protein and vegetable side-dishes and Kimchi. Each proposed amount of food per meal was applied to 173 menus' recipes from CANpro 3.0 as main ingredient's amounts. We cooked the 173 menus at the medium size and measured their weights after cooking. Results: Each recommended serving per meal was 0.75, 0.9 and 1.2 for Grains; 1.2, 1.6 and 2.4 for Meat fish eggs beans; 2, 2.4 and 2.8 for Vegetables by meal sizes. Among five meal components, the ratio of small and large to medium size was 1/5 less and 1/3 more for rice and 1/3 less and 1/3 more for soup stew, protein side-dish and Kimchi, respectively. We suggested the same amount for a vegetable side-dish to encourage vegetable intake. Proper portion sizes per meal of medium were rice 190 g, soup stew 210 g (solid ingredients 60 g), protein side-dish 100 g (meat eggs beans) and 70 g (fish), vegetable side-dish 80g and Kimchi 30 g. Conclusions: Proper portion size per meal suggested in this study may be useful at the CCC where dietitians are not available and the approach could be applicable to the other types of meal services.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.173-177
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• 2006

본 연구는 넙치 성어기 사료로 양식현장에서 많이 사용하고 있는 생사료를 배합사료로 대체하기 위하여 부상배합사료와 생사료의 사육효과를 비교하고자 수행되었다 평균체중 329 g의 넙치를 6종류의 실험배합사료(EP1-EP6),시판사료(EP7)및 생사료(MP)로 1일 2회 반복으로 공급하며 8개월간 사육 실험하였다. 사육기간 동안의 생존율은 $63\sim78%$ 범위였으며, 증체량은 MP 실험구가 EP1 실험구 보다 낮았으나, EP2-EP7 실험구와는 차이가 없었다. 사료효율은 MP 실험구가 EP1, EP3, EP4, EP5 및 EP6 실험구 보다 낮았으나, EP2 및 EP7 실험구와는 차이가 없었다. 단백질효율은 모든 EP 실험구들이 MP 실험구 보다 높았다. 사료섭취량은 MP실험구가 EP실험구들에 비해서 높았지만, EP실험구간에는 차이가 없었다. 어체의 비만도는 모든 EP 실험구들이 MP 실험구와 차이가 없었다. 등근육 및 전어체의 수분, 단백질 및 지질 함량은 모든 실험구간에 차이가 없었다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때, $329\sim680g$의 넙치 성어 사육을 위하여 MP 대신 EP1, $Ep3\sim6$를 사용하여도 좋을 것으로 판단된다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.183-189
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• 2008

In this study, tests were conducted to investigate the effects of three dietary growth hormones, administered in various amounts, on the growth performance and lysozyme activity in juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Three dietary growth hormones, recombinant human growth hormone (rHGH), recombinant bovine somatotropin A (rBST A) and recombinant bovine somatotropin B (rBST B) were tested at three different supplemental levels (10, 20 or 40 mg/kg body weight per week) by a $3{\times}3$ factorial design and a complete randomized design in comparison to a control group. Fish were fed one of the ten experimental diets (control, $rHGH_{10}$, $rHGH_{20}$, $rHGH_{40}$, rBST $A_{10}$, rBST $A_{20}$, rBST $A_{40}$, rBST $B_{10}$, rBST $B_{20}$ and rBST $B_{40}$) for 6 weeks and afterward were analyzed for growth performance by measuring weight gain (WG), feed efficiency (FE), specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER). Based on the factorial design analysis, fish fed rHGH diets demonstrated significantly higher growth performance than fish fed rBST A or rBST B diets. However there were no significant differences in WG, FE, SGR and PER between fish fed rBST A and rBST B diets. Neither hormone level nor the interaction between the different hormones and their various levels had a significant effect on WG, FE, SGR, PER, lysozyme activity or whole-body proximate composition. A complete randomized design analysis confirmed fish fed $rHGH_{10}$, $rHGH_{20}$, $rHGH_{40}$, rBST $A_{10}$, rBST $A_{20}$, rBST $A_{40}$, rBST $B_{20}$ and rBST $B_{40}$ diets for 6 weeks showed higher WG than fish fed the control diet (P<0.05). A higher FE was observed in fish fed $rHGH_{10}$, $rHGH_{20}$, $rHGH_{40}$, rBST $A_{20}$ and rBST $A_{40}$ diets in comparison to fish fed the control diet. Fish fed all graded rHGH, rBST A and rBST B supplemented diets showed a higher SGR than fish fed the control diet. Regarding PER, fish fed $rHGH_{10}$, $rHGH_{20}$, $rHGH_{40}$, rBST $A_{10}$, rBST $A_{20}$, rBST $A_{40}$ and rBST $B_{20}$ diets were higher than fish fed the control diet. Furthermore, the lysozyme activity of fish fed a diet of $rHGH_{20}$ was significantly higher than that of fish fed any other diet. The results measuring the growth and development of the fish clearly suggest the biopotency of dietary rHGH could be higher than those of both dietary rBST A and rBST B. Further implied is the probability that within the range of 10 to 40 mg/kg BW/week the dietary growth hormones could accelerate growth performance, and that 20 mg rHGH/kg BW/week could possibly enhance lysozyme activity in juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.493-501
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• 1986

단백질의 어떠한 가열변성 정도에서 소화율 저하에 영향을 미치는 lipid-protein complex가 가장 많이 형성되는 가를 구명하기 위하여 도다리(Pleuronichthys cornutus) 육단백질을 가열변성시키고 four-enzyme system을 이용하여 in vitro digestibility를 측정하였으며, 여기에 도다리 육에서 추출한 지질을 첨가하여 lipid-protein complex가 형성되는 현상을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. In vitro digestibility는 5분간 자숙하였을 때 생시료가 $88.09\%$, 탈지시료가 $90.56%$이었으며, 40분 후에는 각각 $85.95\%,\;86.17\%$를 나타내었다. Microwaving의 경우 1분 가열 후의 소화율은 생시료가 $87.41%$, 탈지시료는 $91.47\%$이었고, 7분 가열 후에는 $3{\sim}4\%$ 정도가 감소하였다. lipid-protein complex 생성에 기인된 것으로 생각되는 trypsin indigestible substrates(TIS)는 가열시간, 첨가되는 지질의 양, 상호작용시간에 따라 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 도다리 육에서 추출한 지질의 주요 지방산은 $C_{16:0},\;C_{16:1},\;C_{18:1},\;C_{20:5},\;C_{22:6}$이었고, 가열시간에 따른 지방산 조성의 변화는 거의 없었으며. 불포화지방산의 함량이 $67\%$ 정도를 차지하였다. POV, COV의 증가와 함께 갈변물질의 생성이 증가하였고, 단백질 용해도는 microwaving하였을 때 가장 낮았다($19.l9\%$). lipid-protein 상호작용에서 지질의 함량이나 산화정도가 효소적 소화에 가장 큰 저해인자로 작용하였으며, 생시료 및 탈지시료에 지질을 섞어 가열처리하면서 반응시킨 것과 단백질을 가열변성시킨 후 지질을 첨가하여 반응시킨 것을 비교하면 lipid-protein 상호작용으로 인하여 전자가 후자보다 낮은 소화율을 나타내어 단백질과 지질의 상호작용은 단백질 변성현상과 동시에 일어날 가능성이 높음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.363-376
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• 1993

This study was taken to examine serum components concentrations and electrophoretic patterns of female tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus) living in 0$\textperthousand$, 10$\textperthousand$, 20$\textperthousand$, and 30$\textperthousand$ salt concentrations, respectively. The results obtained in these experiments were summarized as follows. The level of albumin and total protein showed changes in each salinity, but didn't significantly(P<0.05) change in Oreochromis niloticus. The level of BUN didn't significantly(P<0.05) change. When fish were adapted from 0$\textperthousand$ to 10$\textperthousand$, 20$\textperthousand$ and 30$\textperthousand$, each calcium level in every salinity groups showed less than that of control, and didn't significantly change in 10$\textperthousand$, 20$\textperthousand$, 30$\textperthousand$ salinity. The level of calcium didn't significantly(P<0.05) change in each salinity. In 20$\textperthousand$ salinity, the level of cholesterol was at the highest peak. When fish were adapted from 0$\textperthousand$ to 10$\textperthousand$, 20$\textperthousand$ and 30$\textperthousand$, each glucose level gradually decreased. When fish were adapted from 0$\textperthousand$ to 10$\textperthousand$, 20$\textperthousand$ and 30$\textperthousand$, each glucose level gradually decreased. When fish were adapted from 0$\textperthousand$ to 10$\textperthousand$, 20$\textperthousand$ and 30$\textperthousand$. In 30$\textperthousand$ salinity, the level of alkaline phosphatase was at the highest peak. The level of serum enzyme such as SGOT and SGPT was higher in seawater-adapted group than in freshwater group. The level of phosphorus chnage significantly(P<0.05) in each salinity. Correlation coefficient between serum albumin and glucose in 0$\textperthousand$ was ＋0.924. Correlation coefficient between serum SGOT and SGPT of individuals in 0$\textperthousand$ was ＋0.917. Fraction 1 of transferrin patterns of tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus) adapted in seawater was much thicker than that of transferrin patterns of individuals adapted in freshwater. Also fraction No. a wasn't observed in some individuals adapted in freshwater. These results showed that transferrin adapted in seawater relatively increased. Slight differences, that is, showed to be observed in total iron binding capacityand iron saturatin rate between tilapia adapted in freshwater and in seawater. The increase in total iron binding capacity was attributed to a rise in transferrin pressent in the first fraction of serum protein adapted in seawater. Accordingly, the serum iron levles seemed to be related to salinity($\textperthousand$).

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.35-45
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 1% 마늘 추출액을 사료에 첨가하여 항균력 시험, 혈액학적 분석 및 어류질병 원인체들 (Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus, Vibrio anguillarum, Streptococcus iniae, Edwardsiella tarda)에 대한 비특이적 면역반응을 조사하였다. 사료에 1% 마늘 추출액을 첨가하여 4주간 넙치에 섭이시킨 후 V. anguillarum, S. iniae, E. tarda을 인위 감염시켜 2주간 누적 폐사율을 관찰하였다. 공격 실험 결과 E. tarda를 제외한 모든 시험구에서 대조구에 비해 낮은 누적 폐사율이 관찰되었다. Hematocrit, glucose, total protein, lysozyme activity 및 macrophage activity에서는 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 높은 수치를 관찰하였다. 3가지 어병세균 (V. anguillarum, S. iniae, E. tarda)을 이용하여 마늘 항균력 및 MIC를 측정한 결과, 이전에 보고된 마늘 분말보다 1% 마늘 추출물에서 더 효과적인 결과를 관찰하였다. 이러한 결과는 마늘 추출물이 넙치의 V. anguillarum, S. iniae, E. tarda에 대한 비특이적 면역반응 및 질병저항력을 증가시키는 것으로 사료된다.