• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.12
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• pp.1951-1962
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• 2021

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate single cell protein (SCP), produced from Methylococcus species, as a protein source on the growth performance, carcass traits and gut health of broiler chickens. Methods: Ten iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets containing 0 (Control), 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% SCP replacing either soybean meal (T₁ to T₅) or fish meal (T₆ to T₁₀) were formulated. Each diet prepared for starter (0 to 14 days), grower (15 to 21 days), and finisher (22 to 42 days) phases was offered to four replicates of 10 chicks each (n = 400). Growth performance at different phases and carcass characteristics and intestinal morphology on 42nd day of trial were measured. Results: Body weight gain in groups fed 2.5% and 5% SCP diets were comparable to control during different phases and cumulatively, however lower (p<0.01) in 7.5% and 10% SCP diets. Feed conversion ratio was better (p<0.01) in 2.5% and 5% SCP diets. Dressing percentage, abdominal fat percentage and meat:bone ratio were not affected (p>0.05) by SCP inclusion in the diets. However, breast percentage was higher (p<0.01) in 2.5% and 5% SCP groups and thigh percentage higher in 7.5% and 10% SCP groups. Total microbial count in duodenum, jejunum and ileum were not affected (p>0.05) by SCP inclusion up to 10% in diets. Duodenal villi length and crypt depth were highest (p<0.01) in group fed 5% SCP diets and lowest in group fed 10% SCP diets. Jejunal villi length and crypt depth as well as ileal villi length were lowest (p<0.01) in group fed 10% SCP diets. Body weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio and gut health were better (p<0.01) in broilers fed fish meal based diets compared to soybean meal based diets. Conclusion: It was concluded that inclusion of SCP up to 5% replacing soybean meal in broiler diets is beneficial in improving growth rate, breast yield and gut health status.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.213-224
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• 2021

Experiments were performed to investigate changes in metabolic rate (MO₂), critical oxygen saturation (S_crit) and hematological parameters of black rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli exposed to hypoxia at 15, 20 and 25℃. The MO₂ was measured at an interval of 10 min using intermittent-flow respirometry. The normoxic standard metabolic rate (SMR) was 116.5±5.5, 188.6±4.2 and 237.4±6.8 mg O₂/kg/hr, and S_crit was 22.1±1.2, 30.6±1.5 and 41.9±1.4% air saturation at 15, 20 and 25℃, respectively. Q₁₀ values were 2.62 between 15 and 20℃, 1.58 between 20 and 25℃, and 2.04 over the full temperature range. In the investigation of blood (hematocrit and hemoglobin) and biochemical parameters (plasma cortisol, glucose, electrolyte and osmolality), the rockfish were subjected to S_crit for each temperature during 4 hr. All of hematological parameters of the rockfish exposed to hypoxic water were significantly higher than those of normoxic control. Moreover, blood and biochemical parameters of the rockfish maintained to normoxic water showed the tendency of increase with temperature, and were significantly higher at 25C. As a result of this experiment, it was found that physiological stress due to hypoxia increased at high temperature.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.631-643
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• 2021

Purpose: Frailty is a clinical syndrome in older adults, and adequate nutrition is a modifiable factor in preventing the condition. The current study aims to investigate the association between frailty and dietary intake in the Korean elderly. Methods: This cross-sectional study included data from the 2018 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 1,268 subjects (535 men and 733 women) aged 65 years or older. Frailty was defined as having more than three of the following 5 modified Fried frailty phenotype criteria: unintentional weight loss, exhaustion, walking difficulties, weakness, and low physical activity. Dietary intake was assessed by applying the one-day 24-hour dietary recall. The association between frailty and dietary intakes were analyzed by multiple logistic regression. Results: Totally, 9.7% men and 21.9% women were classified as the frail group. Increasing levels of frailty were proportional to a decreased mean nutrient adequacy ratio in both genders. Moreover, the total food intake was significantly low in the frail elderly. In male subjects, multiple logistic regression analyses after adjusting covariates showed that the odds ratio (OR) of frailty in the highest tertile of the consumption of fruits (OR [95% confidence interval, CI] = 0.34 [0.13-0.93], p-trend = 0.021) were significantly lower than values obtained in the lowest tertile. In females, the highest tertile of fish and shellfish intake showed a significantly lower OR for frailty (OR [95% CI] = 0.55 [0.30-0.99], p-trend = 0.045), as compared with the lowest tertile. Conclusion: The present study indicates that high intake of fruits for men, and fish and shellfish for women, are probably linked with lowering the risk of frailty in the elderly.

• Journal of Marine Life Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2022

The profer salinity range for aquaculture of hybrid grouper (Epinephleus bruneus♀ × Epinephleus lanceolatus♂) were evaluated in terms of their survival, growth, feed intake and physiological responses after 30 days of exposure to different salinities (0 psu, 3 psu, 5 psu, 10 psu, 15 psu, 20 psu, 25 psu, 30 psu). Hybrid grouper all died at 0 psu salinity on the 4th day of exposure but all hybrid survived at a salinity of 5 psu or higher during the exposure period. Body length and weight increased above 5 psu salinity and the growth rate was the highest at 30 psu. Hybrid exposed to 3 psu did not eat the feed pellet. Feed intake did not show a significant difference between salinity 20 psu, 25 psu and 30 psu. Plasma osmolality of the juvenile hybrids exposed to different salinities was 341~368 mg Osmol/kg above 5 psu. The oxygen consumption rate was the highest at 30 psu with 163.6±22.3 mg O₂/kg fish/h. SOD, CAT and GSH-PX were significantly higher at 15 psu. Therefore, the critical salinity for survive of the juvenile hybrid was 5 psu, and the proper salinity for optimal culture was analyzed with 20~30 psu.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.173-183
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• 2011

Gabensis village is one of the biggest village In the Wampar Local Level Government area within the Huon Gulf District of Morobe Province with a population of around 3,000. The major staple food is banana which is well complemented by minor staples yam, cassava, Singapore/Chinese taro and sweet potato. Apart from gardening for own consumption, the villagers engage in selling of vegetables, garden staples, cocoa beans, coconuts, timber, chicken, fish and pig meat to supplement their livelihood. Livestock like pigs and chickens are also kept for meat and for commercial purpose. Bettlenut which was once one of the main cash crops has now been overtaken by cocoa due to a disease that had attacked almost the entire bettlenut tree population in the area. Even though the Wau-Bulolo highway cuts through the village and all have access to transport infrastructure, the majority of the population still encounter problems in communication due to poor telecommunication coverage. On average most people earn not more than K50 per week due to constrains in production and marketing among others. Gabensis village has the potential to develop a tourism industry given its natural attraction of Lake Wanam. Beside there is also the natural eel farming and the fish pond at the nearby Potsie village. These natural attractions pose huge tourism potential for the community. As part of government services delivery and development, education and health issues is very much important in the community however there is lack of infrastructural development and poor service delivery especially in the area of health. However, the responsibility is on the community to organize themselves to realize that potential. A well developed agro-ecotourism investments would have positive spillover effects to the community thus contributing towards improving the livelihoods of the many farming families.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2003

A study was conducted to investigate the anthropometric indices, fat distribution, eating habits and levels of daily physical activity based on the body mass index (BMI ; kg/㎡) of 180 female college students. This stady was based on survey 2001 using a questionnaire. The results are as follow ; The mean age, height, weight and BMI were 20.41 ${\pm}$ 1.82 years, 161.86 ${\pm}$ 4.51cm, 53.49 ${\pm}$ 7.02kg, and 20.43 ${\pm}$ 2.65kg/㎡, respectively. The group with BMI of under 20 (the lean group) comprised 48.9% : the group with BMI of 20 to 25 (the normal group) comprised 44.4% and the group with BMI of over 25 (the obese group) comprised 6.7% of the subjects. Even though the lean and the normal groups were determined according to BMI. 12.5% of the lean group and 31.3% of the normal group had more than 25% body fat. Of the students, 11.5% of the lean group, 25.0% of the normal group and 58.3% of the obese group had of more than 0.8 waist/Hip Ratio (WHR). The medical problems suffered by the subjects were constipation (24.4%), gastroenteritis (20.6%), anemia(15.0%) and edema(13.3%), which was a result of their eating habits. Out of all the subjects, 27.2% ingested their meals irregularly, 74.4% skipped breakfast, and 92.4% of the lean group, 89.2% of the normal group and 81.8% of the obese group ingested snacks on a daily basis. Their favorite types of snacks were cookies breads and cakes (33.7%), spicy sliced rice cakes pork sausage and boiled fish cakes (18.5%), fruits (15.2%), juices and sodas (13.5%) and hamburgers and pizzas (3.9%). Their consumption of high calorie and processed foods was high, Of the subjects, 38.9% ate out daily. 45.1% had tried weight loss. Those with large upper bodies comprised 11.5%, large intermediate bodies 18.5% and large lower bodies 69.0%. Most of the students were dissatisfied with their body snaps. Of the subjects, 95.1% exercised irregularly. Daily physical activity tended to increase significantly with an increase in BMI : the lean group's average energy consumption was 1509.40㎉ the normal group's was 1792.21㎉ and the obese group's was 2334.63㎉, which were below the recommended value. This study suggests that the maintenance of an ideal weight, the improvement of eating habits and adequate exercise are needed for female college students to improve their health and nutritional status. (J Community Nutrition 5(1) 21∼28, 2003)

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.56-72
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• 2009

The purpose of this research is to get basic information needed for the development of special kimchi for the elementary school students. A questionnaire was used to investigate the consumption and attitude of the students when they having kimchi in the school meal service. The subjects consisted of 426 elementary school students(212 boys and 214 girls) in Seongnam. The collected data were analyzed by SAS package. The frequency of having kimchi was as follows. 52.1% of the students eat kimchi in every meal time, and 97.4% eat more than once a day. However, 54.0% of the students consume more than 5 pieces($2.5\times3.0 cm$) of kimchi per meal while 17.6% 1~2 pieces. They eat more kimchi at home than at school, and the main reason is that kimchi at home is 'more tasty'(79.1%), 'more safety'(29.1%) and 'less hot and salty'(19.2%). Baechu kimchi was found to be the most favorite one in the school meal service, followed by kkakdugi, yoelmu kimchi, chonggak kimchi, oi kimchi and nabak kimchi in order. Students wanted to added apples, pineapples, pears, oranges, shrimps, cucumbers and crab flavored fish paste to kimchi. Students' most favorite foods made with kimchi in the school meal service were Kimchi bokgumbab, Kimchi mandu, Kimchi jjigae, Kimchi jumukbab, Kimchi gimbab, Kimchi bokgum, Kimchi bibimbab, Kimchi hamburger and Kimchi dongas in order. Higher grade students and boys showed higher preference for the variation foods than lower grade students and girls.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.250-262
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• 2002

This study was conducted to develop a simple flood frequency questionnaire (FFQ) based on the results of contributions of specific floods to absolute intake and between-person variance in nutrients using semi-quantitative FFQ with 93 flood items. The subjects were 554 healthy adults for development of a simple FFQ, and 37 students for a validation test of a developed simple FFQ. The contribution of specific floods to 80% absolute nutrient intake was measured by assessing their percentage in total consumption of a nutrient. To assess the contributions of floods to the between-person variance in the intake of each specific nutrient, stepwise multiple regressions were performed. The number of floods necessary to account for the respective 80% of absolute intake was 11-36, depending on the nutrient, while flower floods (5-16 floods) were required for the corresponding percentage of between-person variation for all nutrients. Important floods for between-person variance include Tangsuyuk (pork) and snacks for energy and fat, fish for protein and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and snacks for carbohydrates. Spearman correlation coefficients between 93-itemed FFQ and 63-itemed FFQ ranged from 0.91 for vitamin A to 0.99 for fat in the population data used in developing a simple FFQ. Also, the correlation coefficients between the two FFQs were 0.82-7.92 in the population for the validation test. This study suggests that useful information on dietary intake could be obtained using a simple semi-quantitative FFQ in a large-scale dietary survey in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.275-291
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• 1998

Food irradiation is an emerging technology which offers many advantages such as reduction of microorganisms, extension of shelf-life of foods, reduction in the use of post-harvest chemicals, and destruction of insects and parasites. The commercial utilization of food irradiation, however, has been restricted because of the uncertainty of consumers' responses to it. Because success of food irradiation in the marketplace will depend upon their acceptability by consumers, this study focused on the consumers' perception and acceptance toward food irradiation in order to get basic data for commercial utilization of food irradiation and give information to consumers to help rational consumption behavior. The survey with 411 respondents living in Youngnam area was conducted during the spring of 1997 by the questionnaires. The results and implications from this study are as follows. First, consumers' knowledge about food irradiation is scanty. Two-thirds of respondents in the survey had not heard of irradiated foods and many people confused irradiation with radioactivity. In the willingness to accept food irradiation, one-third of respondents showed a wait-and-see attitude. This result indicated consumers had insufficient information about the irradiation process and nationwide education of food irradiation technology should be undertaken. Second, although the purchase and use of food are very important consumption behaviors, consumer education by mass communication has been rarely done. For the successful commercialization of food irradiation, the information provision by mass communication for the consumers should be made. Third, consumers generally worried about residual pesticide and intended to purchase irradiated foods if radioactivity was not retained in the foods. Therefore, food irradiation could be an alternative method to the use of pesticide Fourth, consumers pointed out that they wanted to extend shelf-life of milk and dairy foods, fish and seafood and to irradiate these foods. Therefore, research for the safety of irradiated foods should be continually conducted. finally, labeling for irradiated foods is needed to provide the information and to further increase public understanding. Especially, the labeling should show the definite reason why irradiation is being used. In conclusion, recently, under the circumstances that the commercial utilization of food irradiation and irradiation for the import and export products have been increased in many countries, many efforts are needed to improve the quality of irradiated foods, and prove the safety of them in Korea. In addition, consumer education for food irradiation should be given to help consumers to make decision for food purchase and use.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.952-962
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• 2005

To explore the relationship between economic status and food and nutrient intake patterns, the 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey result was analyzed. Dietary intake data of 6,978 Korean adults of 20 years and older who participated in the 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey were used along with their demographic data. Economic status of the subjects was classified into the following 4 groups based on the self-reported average monthly income of household with reference to the minimum monthly living expenses (MLE) in 2001 : low < $100\%$ MLE $\leq$ middle < $200\%$ MLE $\leq$ high < $300\%$ MLE $\leq$ higher, Individuals in the higher income class had significantly higher mean intake for most of the nutrients including energy, protein, carbohydrate, fat, calcium, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin C, and a higher percentage of energy intake from fat. In addition, they consumed more animal foods including meats, eggs, fish/shellfish, milk/dairy products and fats. On the other hand, the mean intakes of individuals in the lower economic class for calcium, vitamin A, and riboflavin were lower than $75\%$ of RDAs. And, there was a predominant difference in contribution of fat to total energy intake among the groups of different economic status. These results showed that household income is an important factor influencing the food and nutrient intake patterns of the Korean adult population. Although individuals at different age classes may respond differently to a change in economic status, developing and implementing nutrition policy and intervention programs for those nutritionally vulnerable groups should consider the economic status as an important factor to customize and differentiate the content of the Program. (Korean J Community Nutrition 10(6) : $952\∼962$, 2005)