• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.572-582
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• 2014

Fire-stations' works limited to the existing fire protection rescue and emergency services in rapidly changing disaster environment are not difficult to deal with the fire service demand of the people any longer. In this study, after calculating the importance of the disaster management about fire-stations' works by disaster management steps thorough a survey of experts about Fire and Disaster, firefighting tasks are to be redesigned. Experts have the higher rating in preparation step of firefighting tasks. Because securing resources and building systems in preparation step and safety training in prevention step have a high importance, it is required to improve efficiency of firefighting tasks through redesign. The most important point in redesign is to realize fire-stations' works are to expand and to develop such a policy if fire-offices excavate the civil and government cooperation works and provide such legal and institutional basis of establishment and operation. And it should be sought to maintain international cooperation for international disaster response. Ultimately, fire-offices will have further expansion in quality and simultaneously quantitatively by excavating 'collaboration (business cooperation)' or enhancing existing works in addition to existing 'fire and rescue, first aid' business.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.389-402
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• 2016

This research is about Department of Emergency medical services students' cognition type of female 119 paramedics. The purpose of this research is to understand department of emergency medical servises students' cognition of female 119 paramedics and identify characteristics classified by types. To this end, applying Q-method, this research objectively analyzes 72 department of emergency medical services students' reaction who complete the field training about ambulance about female 119 paramedics. The result of the department of emergency medical services students recognized type of female 119 paramedics could be typed into four types. The type I is recognized as "Stamina limit type", the type II as "expert type", the type III as "guardian angel type", and the type IV as "feminine experience type". The type I has 28.3%, the type II has 12.7%, the type III has 6%, and the type IV has 3.8% explanation power, and these explain 51% of total variable. Generally department of emergency medical services students' cognition of female 119 paramedic is that they are expert in first aid but students' cognition is negative because of female 119 paramedic's limit of stamina, exposure to danger, and giving birth and infant care thus we should arrange solution of these cognition.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.79-92
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• 2007

To enhance the excellence, effectiveness and economical efficiency in the learning process, we implement a hybrid educational system for engineering experiments where web-based virtual laboratory systems and distance education systems are properly integrated. In the first stage, we designed client/server distributed environment and developed web-based virtual laboratory systems for digital systems and electrical/electronic circuit experiments. The proposed virtual laboratory systems are composed of four important sessions and their management system: concept learning session, virtual experiment session, assessment session. With the aid of the management system every session is organically tied up together to achieve maximum learning efficiency. In the second stage, we have implemented efficient and cost-effective distant laboratory systems for practicing electric/electronic circuits, which can be used to eliminate the lack of reality occurred during virtual laboratory session. The use of simple and user-friendly design allows a large number of people to access our distant laboratory systems easily. Thus, self-guided advanced training is available even if a lot of expensive equipment will not be provided in the on-campus laboratories. The proposed virtual/distant laboratory systems can be used in stand-alone fashion, but to enhance learning efficiency we integrated them and developed a hybrid educational system for engineering experiments. Our hybrid education system provides the learners with interactive learning environment and a new approach for the delivery of engineering experiments.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.375-385
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• 2015

This study analyzed international case studies on Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) follow-up and suggested implications based on the study's findings to aid implementation of SEA follow-up in Korea. SEA requires follow-up in order to identify unforseen adverse effects and enable appropriate remedial action to be taken. Tool kits and methodological framework for effective SEA follow-up are only being researched recently. Based on the study's findings, following implications for implementing SEA follow-up in Korea were drawn. First, the system of carrying out SEA follow-up would be different depending on the PPP topic. During the scoping stage, significant impacts should be identified according to the PPP topic, and thus help determine the indicators to be developed in the later stage. Secondly, responsibility, method, time, intervals and actions from SEA follow-up may vary depending on the target SEA consultation. Thirdly, the indicators of SEA follow-up may be considered together with various environmental standards and current political, social and economic indicators which are a big issue in society. Fourthly, SEA follow-up can be used as an integration system of its target planning and environmental planning. Finally, SEA feedback system should be needed. The result of SEA follow-up should be used for target PPP. These would lead to improvements to the target PPP. If SEA follow up is successfully implemented and actively carried out for domestic PPPs, Korea can be a step closer to realization of sustainable development.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.207-254
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• 2018

The major court rulings delivered in 2017 include the ruling that separated the legal character of denture production agreement signed together with medical care agreement and found a subcontracting dimension in the former, and the ruling that overcame the limitations of the theory of entire appearance of a fetus as discussed in civil law by using the legal principle of insurance which suggests that unborn child insurance takes effect after the contract is signed and the first installment of the premium is paid in. As more court rulings find the medical specialists responsible for accidents and injuries from drugs, some argue that medication counseling by the druggist who makes and dispenses drugs should be upgraded. And with respect to a court ruling that denied the hospital's responsibility for an infection-involving accident even if there were no records on specific measures taken in infection management, some criticized the court for being too conservative in recognizing responsibilities. And with respect to infectious disease management, some criticized the court for its interpretation and application of the facts in the direction of denying the negligence. In addition, some claimed that it is necessary to establish institutional system for hospital infection control and its aid for victims, and to improve the system including the reversal of the burden of proof given the special nature of hospital infections. A number of rulings on the duty to disclose included the one which stated that the specific matter did not require a doctor's explanation as it was explained or the specific medical service would have been performed even if no explanation had been given. There was a greatly controversial ruling over the scope of indemnification, which accepted the occurrence of multiple scars and deformation as disorders while regarding breast as a thoracic organ. And a Supreme Court ruling over interpreting Medical Service Act was criticized as overstepping the boundary allowed in the law.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.39 no.8
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• pp.728-734
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• 2002

Stabilization behavior of Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, Fe and Zn heavy metals in the EAF dust was investigated by adding EAF dust to clay or white clay, respectively, up to 50 wt% with 10 wt% intervals and sintering at temperatures between 200 and $1200^{\circ}C$ with $200^{\circ}C$ intervals with an aid of ICP-AES followed by TCLP test to evaluate heavy metal cation exchange capacity of the clay or the white clay. The clay or the white clay had a better Cr ion exchange capacity than that of zeolite. The TCLP leaching test for the sintered specimens showed that Cr and Fe were rarely detected for all the specimens and the concentration of Cd and Zn decreased with increasing sintering temperature and decreasing EAF dust contents respectively. When the clay or the white clay were mixed with EAF dust, cation exchange may occur between the clay and the EAF dust so that the first stabilization of the mixtures containing semistabilized heavy metals may happen. Stabilization of heavy metals in the ceramic bodies was further completed probably due to the eutectic reaction caused by the sintering of semi-stabilized mixtures. It was conceivable that the white clay rather than the clay may be a better stabilizer for the EAF dust containing heavy metals.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.147-168
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• 2005

It examined the doubt point which AED motive relates until now, the AED should have bought a life how, present address of our country site pre-hospital care, comparison it tried to observe the advanced nation instance back. Gist of this research the AED important cold region once compared to informed to how many cardiac arrest patient, against him the what kind of preparation wanted informing the necessary cold region. It soaks simultaneously but the AED motive is widely supplied distant in future and it is generality and it is feeble but it wanted doing one morning. The habit difference of an American who does of course meat diet mainly and a Korean is many and it compares in the United States and the cardiac arrest patient comparison occurs holds a point few. To become Western anger but and be caused by with thin dietary life, stanching bleeding cung, with the fact that the heart attack is increasing rapidly with the hyperextension. It is a talk which anyone it knows all. The major league most Choi huy Sub in condition will catch the ball which floats and the multi co-player and to collide when falling down, the medical device which is committed with emergency aid is AED motive. From the United States subway station and the shopping which are a public place on the baseball field outside the jar which it will drive, the museum and the school, easily there is it will be able to discover the AED from the court of justice back. The Pittsburg university the students per the individual $30 the core phyey were receiving the smallness lifestyle alcoholic beverage and a AED motive actual training with mercy of degree. From the United States distant in future the AED motive is sold even from the retail store and. From our country like this plan government offices temporary disposal education from from 119 fire fighters emergency structure company in fire fighting government employee and nursing must magnify a former enterprise rainy spell in summer multi temporary disposal education with the head which it will burn with the head. This plan in early rising will be able to become fixed in Korea it forecasts with the fact that. The research which it sees it leads and like the United States to some day become fixed even from our country to believe and suspicion it is not and in the people in approach ease one AED supply plan fire fighting government employees stand in the first and feed with the fact that must be positive at this enterprise they become.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.437-445
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• 2015

The layout of facilities, in relation to information and navigational displays, has great influence on subway satisfaction, and tend to vary depending on the types of subway platform and transit station. However, until now, few studies have covered such aspects as of yet. Starting from this viewpoint, the purpose of this study was to use an IPA analysis technique to analyze that satisfaction on the importance of facilities to aid in accessibility, such as elevators and escalators, transit amenities and information and navigational displays depending on the types of platform and transit station. To do so, we've classified 15 metropolitan stations according to types of platform and transit station and analyzed differences in user importance and satisfaction as well as improvements for platforms and transit stations of similar type. By the analysis results of this study, we've concluded that the proper selection and positioning of elevator and escalator facilities and information and navigational displays was important when designing the subway station according to platform type (separate platform) and or according to the transit station type (cross, L, T types) where pedestrian flow heavily intersected. We considered that such analysis results would be helpful in the design of new stations and the enhancement of existing stations pursuant to a new direction that minimizes user inconvenience, and that improvement items should be developed first according to the platform and transit station types, which would be helpful in enhancing the efficiency of the subway improvement cost.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.482-492
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• 2016

Purpose This study is to investigate regional characteristics of 119 ambulance dispatch and the relationship between the distance and response time to the scene. Methods This study was retrospectively conducted 119 running sheets with 1,321 patients who had been transferred to the hospital by 119 ambulance during ambulance attendant training. The training was performed at two, five and three fire station in Seoul, Daejeon and Chungnam respectively, from June 24, 2013 to July 19, 2014. Results Almost the emergency medical services provided were no more than basic first aid in all regions. The patients transferred by 119 ambulance in Seoul were more than other region. The time of call to scene and scene to hospital were the slowest in Chungnam. The major reason of call 119 was due to disease in Seoul and Daejeon, however due to injury in Chungnam. Conclusion Our study suggests that learning from ambulance attendant training course could diverse from region to region. It is, therefore, needed that standardization of ambulance attendant training course, appropriate logistics and resource allocation for providing universal quality of emergency medical services.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.13
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• pp.131-149
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• 2000

In connection with international commercial arbitration the need to seek interim relief is generally recognized. Interim reliefs address the requirements of a party for immediate and temporary protection of rights or property pending a decision on the merits by the arbitral tribunal. The most common forms of interim relief are attachments and injunctions. If the arbitral tribunal has not yet been appointed, an application for interim relief must usually be addressed to the local courts at the place of commercial arbitration. If the arbitral tribunal has been appointed, the application for interim relief is first made to the arbitral tribunal. Interim relief by the arbitral tribunal is in the form of a direction to the parties. Since the arbitral tribunal has no enforcement power, it may be necessary to have a arbitral tribunal's direction confirmed by a local court which can enforce its order. The New York Convention does not provide for interim reliefs. The question is whether Article II(3) of the New York Convention that the court "shall, at the request of one of the parties, refer the parties to arbitration" denies jurisdiction to courts to grant interim reliefs in international commercial arbitration. Some cases have indicated that the U. S. court have no power to grant interim relief. Other cases have indicated that the U. S. courts do have the power to grant interim relief. It is unlikely that a U. S. court will order interim relief in relation to an commercial arbitration in a foreign country. Article 26 of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules provides with respect to interim measures of protection. Section 1 of Article 26 of UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules provides that the arbitral tribunal may take any interim measures it deems necessary in respect of the subject matter of the dispute, including measures for the conservation of the goods forming the subject matter in dispute. This article gives the arbitral tribunal the broadest authority, not limited to safeguarding property. Article 17 of the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration provides that the arbitral tribunal may order any party to take such interim measure of protection as the arbitral tribunal may consider necessary in respect of the subject matter of the dispute. It may be noted that the article does not deal with enforcement of such measures. The International Chamber of Commerce Rules of Conciliation and Arbitration do not expressly empower the arbitral tribunal to grant interim reliefs. However, Article 8.5 of the ICC Rules of Conciliation and Arbitration provides that the parties shall be at liberty to apply to any competent judicial authority for interim measures. In conclusion, the power of the arbitral tribunal to provide interim reliefs is generally recognized in the arbitration rules of arbitral institutions. However, the arbitral tribunal's authority is limited by its lack of enforcement mechanisms. It is generally recognized that the local courts have power to grant interim reliefs in aid of an commercial arbitration. However, local courts are reluctant to grant interim reliefs if that decision requires an adjudication of issues within the special competence of the arbitral tribunal.