• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2014.05a
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• pp.41-41
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• 2014

Pinewood nematode (PWN, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) is a serious pathogenic worm that quickly dry pine trees to death. Recently, PWN has been devastating huge amounts of conifer trees in Korea. As a first step to explore the association and ecological roles of fungi in PWN life cycle in Korea, in this study we first isolated and indentified fungi from PWN-infested Korean pine and Japanese black pine wood sampled in Jinju, Sacheon, Pocheon, Chuncheon, Gwangju, and Hoengseong in Korea. A total of 144 fungal isolates were obtained from Japanese black pine wood and 264 fungal isolates from Korean pine wood. Their morphology and nucleotide sequences of the ITS rDNA and ♌-tubulin gene were examined for species identification. Ophiostoma ips, Botrytis anthophila, Penicillium sp., Hypocrea lixii, Trichoderma atroviride, O. galeiforme, Fusarium proliferatum were identified from Japanese black pine wood. Leptographium koreanum, L. pini-densiflorae, Ophiostoma ips, Penicillium raistrick, Trichoderma sp. were isolated from Korean pine wood. O. ips and L. koreanum were the major species on the two different PWN-infected pine tree. The cultivation of PWN on fungal mat of the identified species did some enhance PWN reproduction. The ambrosia beetle, Platypus koryoensis, is a serious pest of oak trees in Korea. In this study we investigated filamentous fungi present in the body of the beetle. Fourteen genera of filamentous fungi belonging to Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were isolated. All the obtained genera were isolated in the mitosporic state. The identified fungi were classified in 11 distinct orders including the Ascomycota (Eurotiales, Hypocreales, Microascales, Ophiostomatales, Pleosporales, and Sordiales) and Basidiomycota (Agaricales, Corticiales, Polyporales, and Russulales Xylariales). Within Ascomycota, 13 species were found. Meanwhile five species were found within Basidiomycota. The results showed the presence of diverse fungi in P. koryoensis. Among the isolated fungi, some were able to produce wood degrading enzymes. Further fungal isolation was performed with P. koryoensis infested Quercus mongolica trees sampled at Kumdan mountain in Hanam-Si, Gyeonggi province from June of 2009 to June of 2010. Penicillin spp. and Trichoderma spp. were the major species of mold fungi group. Pichia guilliermondii was the major species of mold yeast group. Raffaelea quercus-mongolicae was also isolated, but its isolation frequency was not high. Other species identified were Ambrosiella xylebori, Fusarium solani, Cryphonectria nitschke, Chaetomium globosum, and Gliocladium viride, Candida kashinagacola, C. maritima, C. vanderkliftii, Saccharomycopsis crataegensis.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.7-18
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• 1989

The authors analyzed the clinical findings, radiological findings and their correlations in the temporomandibular joint disorders. The results were as follows: 1. The most prevalent age group was in the first decade, then the second decade and the third decade. Female were more common with a ratio of 3.4:1. 2. The most common clinical findings was the pain on open mouth position (42.3%), then came the clicking and limitation of mouth opening. 3. The most common bone change on the condyle side was the erosion, then came the flattening, the osteopyte and the sclerosis in that orders. 4. In the case of the crepitus, the coarse crepitus showed more radiological change than the fine crepitus. The 27% of the patients with crepitus showed the bone change and the patients with crepitus showed more bone change than any other clinical symptoms. 5. In the case of the mouth opening limitation, the evaluation of the translatory movement by transcranial projection was in accordance with the clinical evaluation. 6. The correlation between the clinical symptom and the condylar position within the mandibular fossa was not present and in the case of diagnosis of disc displacement, the transcranial projection seemed not to be able to substitute for the arthrography. Radiographically, the most prevalent age group which showed the bone change was in the first, the second and the third decade. And the bone change seemed to have no relationship with aging.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.155-163
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• 2017

This study was conducted to know the wetland insect diversity at Gonggeom-ji in Sangju city which is the first designated paddy field wetland protection by the Ministry of Environment of Korea in 2011. Data was collected at four times from March to November in 2014 using by Searching, Sweeping and Pitfall trap methods. In this study a total of 227 species of 205 genera belonging to 78 families from 8 orders were collected and individuals were 1,327. Among them, the order of Coleoptera was the most species-rich (42.73%), Hemiptera was the second order (22.47%). In the total diversity index (H') was 6.339 that means highly positive. Dominant Index (DI) was 0.143, Evenness index (EI) was 0.810. Over all survey periods, interspecies competitiveness was high, and community stability was also high. Therefore Gonggeom-ji wetland revealed stable and positive environmental situation.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.486-494
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• 2003

Distribution of ichthyoplanktons and its relation to environmental factors (temperature, salinity, $chlorophyll\;\alpha$) around the Youngsan River Estuary of Mokpo, southwest coast of Korea were investigated based on the samples collected bimonthly from February to December, 2001. Unidentified fish eggs were most abundant $1,345\;eggs/100m^3$ in August, while eggs of Engraulis japonicus were most abundant $63\;eggs/100m^3$ in June. A total of forty species of fish larvae and juveniles belonging to the twenty families under six orders were caught, with six gobiids, four icefishes, four croakers and three herrings being represented. Fish larvae and juveniles peaked $17,757\;inds./100m^3$ in August, which consisted of $91.02\%$ of gobiids, $3.69\%$ of gunnels and $3.67\%$ of icefishes, and they were most abundant $7,467\;Inds./100m^3$ at St. 7. Cluster analysis based on the individuals of fish larvae and juveniles showed that six months were classified into two groups at the dissimilarity 70, the first was composed of June and August and the second was February and December and April and October were not clustered with any other months. In August when species diversity index was the highest, eight stations were classified into two groups at the dissimilarity 70, the first was composed of St. 1, 3, 4, 5 and 8 and the second was St. 6, 7 and 2. As a result from correspondence analysis, there is no effect of the environmental factors with a density of fish eggs and larvae, but correlation could be found between a density of fish eggs and $chlorophyll\;\alpha.$

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.314-326
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• 2013

The purpose of this research is to analyze the effects of Dansam and Sappan wood extract to perform combination dyeing on silk fabrics, with respect to color changes, fastness (washing, dry cleaning, perspiration, rubbing and light fastness), and functionality (antibacterial activity and deodorization). Combination dyeing was performed by first combining Dansam with Sappan wood, then Sappan wood with Dansam, in these orders. Given the changes in the combination ratio, pre-mordant treatment was performed. Looking at the surface colors of each dye, Dansam generally produces YR color series, while Sappan wood produces YR, R, and RP color series. The effects of changing the order in which combination dying was performed on the surface colors were as follows. First, combination dyeing (A) was performed by using Dansam before Sappan wood, to produce YR and R color series. Then combination dyeing (B) was performed by using Sappan wood before Dansam, to produce YR, R, and RP color series. By visual inspections, more similar color changes of the combination dyeing were noticed with the post-dyeing material rather than the pre-dyeing material. Therefore, it was presumably confirmed that surface color changes of combination dyeing were greatly influenced by the post-dyeing color. Individual dyeing tests for fastness showed that Dansam was comparatively superior to Sappan wood, which demonstrated lower fastness to washing, dry cleaning, perspiration, and light, relatively. The fastness of combination dyed samples was shown middle, but similar fastness to the post-dye material, The fastness of (B) method was higher than (A) method in the washing and light fastness. This confirms that color fastness from combination dyeing was considerably influenced by the post-dye material. It was found that all dyed samples had a very high bacterial reduction rate of 99.9% and high deodorization rate of 95%.

• Journal of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.73-82
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• 2000

Twenty-first century coming of health care in our country is in a situation of much conflict because the relationship between nurses and doctors is seen in terms of a traditional and vertical structure. Accordingly. it is very difficult to find collaboration amongst individuals of these two professions. Now nursing is trying to find independence and autonomy by carrying out independent professional skills. This study on collaboration and the obstacles hindering its pursuit. The strategies of collaboration to give better health care quality are as follows; First, a program for professionals should be developed to enhance professional knowledge and technology and train nursing professionals so that nursing can be acknowledged as a profession with a power to carry out on independent job. Second, collaboration reduces expenses and results in satisfactory performances of duty, high productivity, low incidence of medical accident, and higher satisfaction of the patient. Therefore the leader in the higher position should take positive stance for collaboration and help create a cooperative situation through the development of practical orders for collaboration. opening cooperative wards, and meeting for collaboration. Third, a collaboration model should be introduced into the courses of the nursing and medical school curriculum, which would influence job atmosphere after graduation. Fourth, nurses should have pride in their jobs as professionals and have confidence in their professional skill, knowledge and ability. Nurses should make an effort to share responsibility and have independence and autonomy. Fifth, common people as well as doctors know little about professional practice and the role of nurses, so a publicity campaign is also required.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.1-21
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• 2000

This study was to examine the degree of market orientated effort by hospital type and size,. and analyzed the moderating effect of environments between market orientation and it's performance. First, there was no significant differences by hospital type, such public hospital, university hospital, and private hospital. However, the orders of market orientation implementation was university hospital. private hospital, and public hospital This finding suggest that university hospital and public hospital, should be market-oriented, or customer-oriented more now, relatively. Second, there were no significant differences in marketing as management policy by hospital types, i.e. public, university or private sector hospitals. However, as to the intensity of the implementation of the market-oriented approach, private hospitals came first, followed by the university hospitals, then the public ones. This finding suggests that university and public hospitals should be more market or customer oriented to compete in the market. Third, only the competitive environment does active moderating roll on hospital performance. The competitive environmental factor forces the organization to be more market oriented. This means the more you are positively situated in the competitive environment, the more you are looking for a market oriented approach. You become more aware of the value of customers and you become more focused on the customer satisfaction and thus become more patient oriented in every facet of decision making. And market oriented hospitals recognize the importance of utilization of high tech medical treatment skills and equipment in patient care. Fourth, according the analysis, market oriented effort gives more influence on hospital performance than the environmental factors. This means that the market oriented effort should become a culture of the hospital which seeks to out distance themselves from its competitors.

• Journal of The Korean Digital Architecture Interior Association
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.117-124
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• 2012

The importance of the digital architecture is increasing more ever. Currently, CAD and 3D programs are used as design fields, but the BIM (building information modeling) is gradually interested. BIM is mandatory on the project more than 50 billion won ordered by the government since 2012, it will be expanded to a total of government orders by 2016. University needs to evaluate teaching methods and computer-aided design environments such as CAD and BIM. In this paper, we surveyed computer-aided design environments and teaching methods for 73 students at the J University of Department of architectural engineering. Main results are as follows: 1. Hardlock is uncomfortable but necessary program for the computer management. 2. The desk placement considering the behavior of the design students results in higher satisfaction. 3. Because a CAD subject was a difficult course content and progress is fast, students thought it is difficult to follow. Especially, first-year students answered it is difficult to learn program and understand the structure of the building at the same time. 4. First-year students want to learn CAD more. Second-, third-, fourth-year students want to learn Photoshop more. Supplement for these classes is required. 5. Students answered that a teaching method of a CAD subject would be good to their own practice after the professor demonstrates for students. The senior's assistance is also a high effective way in the class. 6. During class, students' activities such surfing the web and Kakao Talk on a smartphone disrupt the class, there is a need to regulate by a rule such as disconnect computers from a network and against using smartphone. Although the Internet with the popularization of smartphones confers a benefit on modern life, it causes damage to us. This is a hard part for a salaried workers as well as students studying equally. The self management is required and a professor needs to control and restraint in a university classroom. The professor's continuing interest to students can increase the effectiveness of learning.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.447-449
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• 2015

Although the link between activity in the nuclei of galaxy and galactic mergers has been under scrutiny for several years, it is still unclear to what extent and for which populations of active galaxies merger-triggered activity is relevant. The environments of AGN allow an indirect probe of the past merger history and future merger probability of these systems, suffering less from sensitivity issues when extended to higher redshifts than traditional morphological studies of AGN host galaxies. Here we present results from our investigation of the environment of radio selected sources out to a redshift z=2. We employ the first data release J-band catalog of the new near-IR Infrared Medium-Deep Survey (IMS), 1.4 GHz radio data from the Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty-cm (FIRST) survey and a deep dedicated VLA survey of the VIMOS field, covering a combined total of 20 sq. degrees. At a flux limit of the combined radio catalog of 0.1 mJy, we probe over 8 orders of magnitude of radio luminosity. Using the second closest neighbor density parameters, we test whether active galaxies inhabit denser environments. We find evidence for a sub-population of radio-selected AGN that reside in significantly overdense environments at small scales, although we do not find significant overdensities for the bulk of our sample. We show that radio-AGN in the most underdense environments have vigorous ongoing star formation. We interpret these results in terms of the triggering and fuelling mechanism of radio-AGN.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.333-366
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is principle and theory of main class in a Library Classification. According to Sayers, 'The foundation of the library is the book; the foundation of librarianship is classification.' We looked at the between scientific and bibliographic classification, and at the fact that bibliographic scheme is usually an aspect classification. That is to say, the organization of topics is based on areas or activity and the first division of the scheme is into disciplines or subject domains. This first division of classification creates what are called main class. The sequence of main classes is also important. A rough definition of a amin class is that it corresponds to a sin91e notational character. Main classes usually equivalent to traditional disciplines. What constitutes a main class will vary from one classification to another. The order in which the main classes are listed is often discussed at the theoretical level, and some orders are considered to be better than others.