• Journal of East Asia Management
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.1-27
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• 2020

Military experience has a great impact on a soldier ability to handle risks. Therefore, when those soldiers become managers, they may behave differently in making risky corporate decisions, especially in activities like the R&D investment. However, studies on how military experience affect R&D have been largely missing in the largest emerging economy, i.e. China, despite that the country hires a higher percentage of military managers than the US. In addition, it remains a question whether military managers affect the state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in China, as many of the corporate decisions are made by the government. This paper tries to address these questions. The imprinting theory and the upper echelon theory suggest that managers' personal experience can affect their behaviour, which in turn influences their corporate decisions. In this paper, we examine whether managers with military experience lead to higher R&D investment and whether such an effect exists in state-owned enterprises. Based on a sample of listed firms in China's A-share market over 2008-2017, we make two findings. First, companies with military managers have high R&D investment. By dividing managers' military positions into high and low rank, we find that companies tend to have higher (lower) R&D investment if their managers hold a high-rank (low-rank) position. Second, the effect of high-rank military managers on R&D investment is more pronounced if the manager is also the founder and the company is a non-state-owned enterprise. For low-ranking military managers, a stronger effect on R&D investment is also observed if they are also the founder, but whether their companies are state-owned or not has no impact on R&D investment. This study identifies managers' military experience as a contributing factors to corporate R&D investment in the largest emerging economy. This paper tests an implication of the imprinting theory and the upper echelon theory, i.e., managers' personal experience can affect their behaviour, which in turn influences their corporate decisions. Specifically, we focus on one aspect of personal experience - military experience - and look at whether it is beneficial to firms' technological innovation, therefore enriches the literature of managerial heterogeneity. Our findings on the influence of managers' military experience on firms' technological innovation can help us better understand the role of managers play in corporate decision making, and how managers' individual traits interact with the firm's characteristics.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.501-510
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• 2016

호텔은 단순한 건축물이라는 의미를 벗어나 한 시대의 문화적 예술적 정보를 담은 건축물이며, 또한 호텔이 위치한 지역적 문화를 체험할 수 있는 장소로서의 성격을 지니고 있음에 따라 그 지역을 대표하는 상징적인 건축물이라 할 수 있다. 특히 최근 국제적인 관광도시인 제주는 지역의 특성과 문화를 대표할 수 있는 다기능적이고 체계적인 호텔건축계획이 절실히 요구되고 있다. 이에 따라 본 논문에서는 서귀포시의 특급관광호텔의 현황을 파악하고, 공용공간을 중심으로 공용공간의 구성형식 및 공간구성 유형 등 평면구성적 특성에 대해 분석하여 향후 호텔 건축설계에 적용할 수 있는 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 연구대상은 서귀포시에 위치한 특급관광호텔 9개소이며, 이용객이 집중되는 공용공간을 연구범위로 한정하였다. 연구방법은 참고문헌과 선행연구를 중심으로 호텔건축에 대해 고찰하고 조사대상 호텔에 대한 현장방문을 시행하여 일반적인 현황을 파악하고 건축계획적 요소들과 공간구성 유형에 대하여 조사 및 분석을 실시하였다. 이용객이 집중되는 공용공간을 연구범위로 한정하여, 건축계획적인 측면에서 각 공간의 수직적 수평적 결합방식, 각 공간으로 진입하는 동선형태 등과 관련된 공간구성형식과 공간구성유형을 분석하였다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제12권12호
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• pp.83-92
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• 2014

Purpose - A business ecosystem refers to mutually dependent systems interconnected by a loose foundation of various ecosystem members such as customers, suppliers, partners, and other stakeholders. The ecosystem-based strategy attempts to achieve competitive advantage for firms by enriching a business ecosystem or building a sustainable business ecosystem through the collaboration and co-evolution of its members. A sustainable business ecosystem is a source of competitiveness for firms anda manageable resource for gaining a competitive advantage. Customers represent the core membership of the business ecosystem and play a pivotal role in building a sustainable business ecosystem. This study examines the effects of customer participation on economic and social value in the business ecosystem and suggests a course of action for building a sustainable business ecosystem. Research design, data, and methodology - Two business cases of South Korea are selected from two different business types: business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-customer (B2C) firms. Business ecosystems for B2B and B2C firms reflect contrasting characteristics. Data was collected from in-depth interviews with four representatives of four firms. Results - The study suggested seven propositions for the relationships between customer participation and a sustainable business ecosystem through multiple case studies based on in-depth interviews. The results reveal the following four strategic actions for building sustainable business ecosystems based on the suggested propositions: alignment, systemization, socialization, and co-evolution. Alignment refers to achieving a harmonic balance or virtuous circle among the firm's mission, investment, and value creation. Systemization refers to building and implementing management and infrastructure systems rooted in the corporate culture. Socialization of customers in the business ecosystem reinforces the harmony or virtuous cycle. Finally, co-evolution is associated with the relationship between firms and customers as buyer firms in a restricted business ecosystem. Conclusions - This study considers multiple cases for the execution of a sustainable business ecosystem in collaboration with customers and suggests seven propositions and four strategic actions. The results are based on qualitative data from interviews with business associates from two firms in an open business ecosystem and two firms in a restricted business ecosystem, both in South Korea. Our research results regarding two contrasting business ecosystems shed light on business issues and policy making in Asian business environments, which are in the transition stages from a traditional conglomerate-driven to an inclusive growth-driven economy. The business ecosystem itself should be considered a manageable resource for firms' competitive positions in the market. A customer is a member of the business ecosystem and should thus be viewed not only as a purchasing entity and an object of relationship management but also as a co-creator of value. Therefore, firms should collaborate with customers to build sustainable business ecosystems. For this, firms must create social value, which cannot be created by customers alone, within the business ecosystem. Then, customers participate in a business ecosystem and build it to be favorable to them. Implications for academics and practitioners were suggested.

• 지질공학
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.247-256
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• 2013

중동지역의 Sabkha층 탄산질 모래는 낮은 전단강도를 나타내며, 입자파쇄시 내부공극의 외부노출로 인한 즉시침하와 파쇄입자의 재배열로 인한 시간 의존적 이차침하가 발생된다. 현장 대형기초에 의한 Sabkha층의 침하특성을 분석하기 위하여 Hydrotest를 수행하였고, 실내시험 결과와 비교하였다. 삼축압축시험 결과 일차입자파쇄의 정도에 따라 Sabkha층 GL-1.5 m에서 Strain-hardening, GL-7.0 m에서 Strain-perfect, GL-7.5 m에서 Strain-softening 형태의 응력-변형 거동이 나타났다. 일반적으로 전반전단파괴는 입자가 조밀하고 지반의 강도가 큰 경우 발생하나 Sabkha층 탄산질 모래에서는 Strain-softening 거동 발생시 Strain-hardening과 Strain-perfect 거동에 비하여 오히려 입자파쇄 강도가 작아지는 현상이 발생하였다. 이러한 응력-변형 특성은 상대밀도 증가시 전단강도가 증가하는 석영질 모래의 특성과는 상이한 것이다. 현장 Hydrotest시 입자파쇄의 영향으로 간극수압 소산 후에도 지속적인 이차압축침하가 발생되었으며, 입자파쇄응력이 상대적으로 작고 Strain-softening 거동, 혹은 Strain-perfect 거동을 나타낸 하부 Sabkha층의 입자파쇄가 기초침하에 지배적인 영향을 미친 것으로 판단된다.

• 기술혁신연구
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.27-52
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• 2019

본 연구는 2011년과 2013년 중소기업기술통계 조사에 응답한 4,000개 기업 중 본사가 부산에 소재한 중소기업(5인 이상 300인 미만) 481개사를 대상으로 기업의 혁신전략에 따른 민간 연구개발 투자에 미치는 영향요인을 살펴보았다. 기업의 혁신전략과 관련해서는 R&D 포트폴리오, 연구개발조직 및 인력, 조직의 혁신전략 방향 설정자로서의 CEO 역할을 독립변수로 제시하였다. 또한, 산업을 제조업 기술수준별 4개 그룹과 지식서비스업 등 총 5개로 구분하고, 종속변수 민간 연구개발 투자비에 대한 영향을 선형 회귀 분석하였다. 이에 따른 분석 결과는 기업의 혁신전략 중 복합적인 R&D포트폴리오, 체계적인 연구조직 보유, 연구인력 증가는 모두 민간 연구개발비 투자에 정(+)의 영향을 미친다. 이를 산업별로 구분하여 분석하여도 연구개발 조직과 연구인력 보유가 유의미한 영향요인으로 나타났다. 위의 결과를 살펴볼 때, 지역 중소기업의 민간 연구개발투자를 활성화하기 위해서는 다양한 R&D 포트폴리오를 갖추고 체계적인 연구개발 조직과 충분한 연구인력을 확보한 기업을 중심으로 R&D 투자가 확대할 수 있도록 산업별 특성을 고려한 정책 지원이 필요하다고 할 수 있다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.74-79
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• 2016

A 7-year-old female Pointer dog with multiple masses in the axilla, mammary gland, and bladder was submitted to the Pathology Department of the College of Veterinary Medicine in the Jeju National University. Grossly, mass between right axilla and 1st mammary gland, $15{\times}10cm$ in size, was well delineated and firm, slightly soft center, oval shape. And masses in right 1st, 3rd and 5th mammary gland were well delineated and sulphur yellow in color on the cut-surface. Numerous round to oval shaped masses, 0.3 to 2 cm in diameter were existed in the lung. Urinary bladder mucosa had rough and thick and round to oval papillary masses, 0.1 to 2 cm in diameter, on surface. Microscopically, masses in right axilla, 1st mammary gland, lung and axillary lymph node were composed of poorly differentiated tubules originated from apocrine gland. Lining neoplastic epithelium showed high mitotic figures, typical apical secretory blebs, and PAS-positive diastase-resistant cytoplasmic granules. Masses in 3rd and 5th mammary gland were confirmed as mammary complex adenoma and simple adenoma respectively. The masses in the urinary bladder were covered with stratified transitional epithelium with marked cellular atypia and high mitotic figures. Some neoplastic cells showed focal invasion into substantia propria of bladder. Immunohistochemaically, neoplastic transitional epithelium demonstrated positive reactions for cytokeratin 7, AE1/AE3, and MNF116. Based on the gross, histopathologic and immunohistochemical characteristics, this dog was diagnosed as apocrine carcinoma, mammary gland tumor including simple adenoma and complex adenoma and bladder transitional cell carcinoma. And distant metastases of apocrine carcinoma in right axilla were observed in axillary lymph node and lungs. This is the first report for concurrent occurrence of apocrine carcinoma, mammary gland tumor, and transitional cell carcinoma in a same dog.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2013

목적: 본 연구는 간호대학생의 말기환자에 대한 생명의료윤리 인식과 죽음에 대한 태도를 파악하기 위한 서술적 조사연구이다. 방법: 대상자는 D광역시에 소재한 일개 전문대학의 3년제 간호과에 재학 중인 660명이었다. 자료는 2011년 10월부터 11월까지 수집하였다. 생명의료윤리 인식은 본 연구자가 선행연구를 근거로 개발한 도구로, 죽음에 대한 태도는 Collett와 Lester(1969)의 FODS (Fear of Death Scale)로 측정하였다. 수집된 자료는 서술통계, Wilcoxon rank sum test와 Kruskall Waills test로 분석하였다. 결과: 생명의료윤리에 대한 문제로 갈등 경험이 있고, 심폐소생술 금지가 필요하다고 생각하며, 종교가 없는 학생이 그렇지 않은 학생에 비해 죽음에 대해 부정적인 태도를 가지고 있었다. 대상자 중 말기환자의 연명치료중단이 필요하다고 생각하는 경우는 81.2%였고, 말기환자의 심폐소생술 금지가 필요하다고 생각하는 경우는 76.4%로서, 심폐소생술 금지가 필요한 이유는 '평안하고 품위있는 죽음을 위해서'가 가장 많았다. 결론: 죽음에 대한 긍정적인 태도의 형성을 위해 확고한 생명의료윤리 가치관의 확립이 요구되며, 가능하면 임상실습을 시작하기 전에 교육이 실시될 필요가 있다. 교육 프로그램을 구성할 때 종교, 학년, 생명의료윤리 갈등 경험, 심폐소생술 금지 찬성 여부가 포함되어야 하며, 말기환자 간호를 미리 경험할 수 있도록 표준화 환자를 이용한 시뮬레이션 실습의 기회를 제공하는 것이 필요하다.

• 한국경제지리학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.137-157
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• 2017

실업률이 높아지고 경제성장이 둔화되면서, 일자리 창출의 원동력이라고 일컬어지는 창업에 대한 관심이 점점 더 높아지고 있다. 본 연구는 지식기반산업의 창업의 고용창출 효과를 분석하는 데 목적을 두었다. 특히 지식기반제조업, 지식기반서비스업, 기타 산업의 3가지 업종으로 분류하고 수도권과 비수도권에서의 창업의 고용창출 효과를 비교하였다. 전국사업체조사 자료를 활용하여 분석한 결과 창업의 고용창출 효과는 시차에 따라 3단계에 걸쳐 다르게 나타났다. 창업 직후 고용이 일시적으로 증가하지만, 기업들 간의 경쟁이 치열해지면서 고용이 감소하게 되며, 결과적으로 경쟁력을 갖춘 기업들이 성장하면서 다시 고용이 증가하고 있다. 지식기반제조업 창업의 총 고용효과가 다른 산업의 창업보다 높게 나타났다. 지식기반제조업 창업률이 1% 증가하는 경우 6년 시차 기간 동안 총 2.84% 고용율의 증가를 가져오는 것으로 나타났다. 수도권에서의 창업기업이 비수도권의 창업기업에 비해 총 고용효과가 더 높게 나타났다. 수도권에서 창업 직후 일자리가 비수도권보다 더 많이 창출되지만 시장 경쟁이 더욱 치열하여 일자리가 더 많이 감소하나, 경쟁에 살아남은 기업들이 더 많은 일자리를 창출하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 보다 효과적인 일자리 창출을 위해서는 창업기업의 업종과 지역 특성을 반영한 맞춤형 창업정책이 필요하다는 정책적 시사점을 제공하였다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.81-88
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• 2014

Purpose - Entrepreneurship promotion is emerging as an important economic growth agenda. However, in Korea, entrepreneurship has weakened because of the collapse of the venture bubbles of the 2000s and the global economic recession in 2008, which have induced the business community to choose stability over risk. The Korean government has been implementing several support projects to inspire and promote youth entrepreneurship through various means including financial assistance; however, the perpetuation rate of young entrepreneurship is still low as compared to advanced economies such as the US and EU. This case study focuses on the Youth Start-Up Business Support Program of the Small & Medium Business Corporation, and explores practical alternatives. Further, it aims to suggest managerial factors and a conceptual model for change management factors affecting the business performance creation of a startup company, based on the Small and medium Business Corporation's young venture startup fund. Research design, data, and methodology - Many studies examine the current progress and issues of startup firms, for example, a lack of systematic cultivation of entrepreneurship and startup business training, lack of commercialization funding for youth startup businesses, lack of mentoring, and inadequate infrastructure. From prior research, we address four factors, namely, personal managerial capabilities, innovative business model, sufficient cash flow, and social network, affecting startup companies' business performance. This study involved a sample survey of 200 young entrepreneurs to investigate casual relations between the four factors and business performance. A regression analysis was used to verify the hypotheses. Results - First, in relation to differences in the founder's personal characteristics, age, sales amount, and number of employees significantly impact business performance. Second, regarding the causal relation between the four factors for creating business performance, an innovative business model and social networking have supported the hypotheses, revealing that the more that a start-up founder has an innovative business model and social networking, the more the start-up firms are likely to have better performance (e.g., sales volume, employment, ROE, ROI, etc.). Although the founder's competency and sufficient cash flow have no significant relationship with business performance, the mean value was higher performance for high founder's competency and sufficient cash flow. Conclusions - This study provides basic data on policy support strategies of the Small and Medium Business Corporation, to help young entrepreneurs achieve their start-up business goals. It shows that young entrepreneurship startup firms should strive to explore ideas to satisfy customers' needs, and that changes in customer value and the continuous innovation of business model differentiation are required to actively respond to change management. Moreover, at the infant startup stage, they should activate social network programs to share information, thereby offsetting resource scarcity and managing business risk. Further, the establishment of a long-term vision and the implementation of training programs in related specific fields should be supported to strengthen founders' personal capabilities.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.473-479
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• 2012

Warthintumor (WT), also known as adenolymphoma or papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum, was described in 1895 for the first time. It is a common benign tumor of the parotid glands and the second most common neoplasm of the salivary gland, accounting for 5% to 14% of all parotid neoplasm. A 63-year-old man visited our clinic with the complaint of swelling on the right parotid gland. Physical examination showed a 3 cm, firm, well-circumscribed, painless mass on the right mandibular angle. Computed tomography imaging showed a $3.5{\times}2.0{\times}1.6$ cm well-defined cystic mass. WT is histologically characterized by bilayered, oncocystic cell, lymphoid stroma, and cystic space. With these typical cytomorphologic characteristics, the fine-needle aspiration cytology was performed as diagnostic tool before the surgery. The lymphocytes and oncocystic cell were not observed. The lesion was completely excised under general anesthesia. We diagnosed the case as WT, from the surgically excised specimen. We report on the case with a review of the literatures.