• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.115-123
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• 2022

Statistics on the occurrence of fires in residential facilities over the past 10 years, show that approximately 40% are fires in apartment buildings. To prevent the spread of fire and support evacuation in apartment housing, the fire resistance performance and performance design of fire doors are becoming more important. This study established a database using 395 quality inspection reports from 2016 to 2020, which passed the fire performance test, and derived the fire door performance-influencing factors through an analysis of the structure (12 elements) of the fire door. As a result, the effect of core material, adhesive, hinge type, blowing agent, etc. was confirmed in 287 pass cases. On the other hand, it was confirmed that the occurrence of flames and crevices in the 108 cases of failure were the major failure factors in the fire door fire resistance test. Fire doors are composed of composite materials to prevent failure of fire resistance performance, and efficient design and quality control are required through standardization of components.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.263-278
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• 2022

Limestone calcined clay cement (LC³) is a low carbon alternative to conventional cement. Literature shows that using limestone and calcined clay in LC³ increases the thermal degradation of LC³ pastes and can increase the magnitude of fire risk in LC³ concrete structures. Higher thermal degradation of LC³ paste prompts this study toward understanding the fire performance of LC³ concrete and the associated magnitude of fire risk. For fire performance, concrete prepared using ordinary Portland cement (OPC), pozzolanic Portland cement (PPC) and LC³ were exposed to 16 scenarios of different elevated temperatures (400℃, 600℃, 800℃, and 1000℃) for different durations (0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, and 4 h). After exposure to elevated temperatures, mass loss, residual ultrasonic pulse velocity (rUPV) and residual compressive strength (rCS) were measured as the residual properties of concrete. XRD (X-ray diffraction), TGA (thermogravimetric analysis) and three-factor ANOVA (analysis of variance) are also used to compare the fire performance of LC³ with OPC and PPC. Monte Carlo simulation has been used to assess the magnitude of fire risk in LC³ structures and devise recommendations for the robust application of LC³. Results show that LC³ concrete has weaker fire performance, with average rCS being 11.06% and 1.73% lower than OPC and PPC concrete. Analysis of 106 fire scenarios, in Indian context, shows lower rCS and higher failure probability for LC³ (95.05%, 2.22%) than OPC (98.16%, 0.22%) and PPC (96.48%, 1.14%). For robust application, either LC³ can be restricted to residential and educational structures (failure probability <0.5%), or LC³ can have reserve strength (factor of safety >1.08).

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.148-155
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• 2014

Most truck fires breaking out on the expressway are directly damaged by fire destruction of truck and freight and many of them cause indirect damage such as serious traffic holdups. This study analyzed the fire causes and their liability of the 25-ton truck fire breaking out during expressway driving. This truck fire was caused by manufacturing defect of return spring of a braking system. The fire liability rested with a maker(manufacturer) rather than a truck owner or a driver and the maker also bore fire liability based on the Product Liability Law.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.1-13
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• 2020

In the event of fire, it is necessary to put out the fire within a golden time to minimize personal and property damages. To this end, it is necessary for fire engines to arrive at the site quickly. This study established a fire engine travel time estimation model to secure the golden time by identifying road and environmental factors that influence fire engine travel time in the case of fire by examining data on fire occurrence with GIS DB. The study model for the estimation of fire engine travel time (model 1) covers variables by applying correlation analysis and regression analysis with dummy variables and predicts travel time for different types of places where fire may occur (models 2, 3, 4). Analysis results showed that 17 siginificant independent variables are derived in model 1 and the fire engine travel time differs depending on the types of places where fire occurs. Key variables(travel distance, number of lane, type of road) that are included commonly in the 4 models were identified. Variables identified in this study can be utilized as indicators for research related to travel time of emergency vehicles and contribute to securing the golden time for emergency vehicles.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.101-113
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• 2015

This paper introduces a numerical analysis method for reinforced-concrete(RC) members exposed to fire and proposes considerations in designing RC structures on the basis of the comparison between numerical results and design codes. The proposed analysis method consists of two procedures of the transient heat transfer analysis and the non-linear structural analysis. To exactly evaluate the structural behavior under fire, two material models are considered in this paper. One is "Under-Fire" condition for the material properties at the high temperature and the other one is "After-Cooling" condition for the material properties after cooling down to air temperature. The proposed method is validated through the correlation study between experimental data and numerical results. In advance, the obtained results show that the material properties which are fittable to the corresponding temperature must be taken into account for an accurate prediction of the ultimate resisting capacity of RC members. Finally, comparison of the numerical results with the design code of EN1992-1-2 also shows that the design code needs to be revised to reserve the safety of the fire-damaged structural member.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.100-107
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• 1997

In case of a fire outbreak in a uni-directional road tunnel, the flow of traffic immediately behind the fire disaster will be stalled all the way back to the entrance of the tunnel. Furthermore, when the vehicle passengers try to flee away from the fire toward the entrance of the tunnel, the extremely hot fume that propagates in the same direction will be fatal to the multitudes evacuating, but may also cause damage to the ventilation equipments and the vehicles, compounding the evacuation process. This paper will present the 3-dimensional modelling analysis of the preventive measures of such a fume propagation in the same direction as the evacuating passengers. For the analysis, the fire hazard was assumed to be a perfect combustion of methane gas injected through the 1 m X 2 m nozzle in the middle of the tunnel, and the product of $CO_2$ as the indicator of the fume propagation. From the research results, when the fire hazard occurred in middle of the 400 m road tunnel, the air density decreased around the fire point, and the maximum temperatures were 996 K and 499 K at 210 m and 350 m locations, respectively, 60 seconds after fire disaster occurred, when the fumes were driven out only towards the exit-direction of the tunnel. By tracing the increase of $CO_2$ level over 1% mole fraction, the minimum longitudinal ventilation velocity was found to be 2.40 m/sec. Furthermore, through Analysis of the temperature distribution graphs, and observation of the cross-sectional distribution of $CO_2$ over 1% mole fraction, it was found that the fume did not mix with the air, but rather moved far in a laminar flow towards exit of the tunnel.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.186-188
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• 2005

Because forest fire changes the direction according to the environmental elements, it is difficult to predict the direction of it. Currently, though some researchers have been studied to which predict the forest fire occurrence and the direction of it, using the remote detection technique, it is not enough and efficient. And recently because of the development of the sensor technique, a lot of In-Situ sensors are being developed. These kinds of In-Situ sensor data are used to collect the environmental elements such as temperature, humidity, and the velocity of the wind. Accordingly we need the prediction technique about the environmental elements analysis and the direction of the forest fire, using the In-Situ sensor data. In this paper, as a technique for predicting the direction of the forest fire, we propose the correlation analysis technique about In-Situ sensor data such as temperature, humidity, the velocity of the wind. The proposed technique is based on the clustering method and clusters the In-Situ sensor data. And then it analyzes the correlation of the multivariate correlations among clusters. These kinds of prediction information not only helps to predict the direction of the forest fire, but also finds the solution after predicting the environmental elements of the forest fire. Accordingly, this technique is expected to reduce the damage by the forest fire which occurs frequently these days.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.58 no.5
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• pp.757-781
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• 2016

The results of diagnostics and analysis of an industrial hall located on the premises of a thermal power plant severely damaged by fire are presented in the paper. The comprehensive failure-related diagnostics, non-destructive and destructive tests of steel and concrete materials, geodetic surveying of selected structural members, numerical modelling, static analysis and reliability assessment were focused on two basic goals: The determination of the current technical condition of the load bearing structure and the assessment of its post fire resistance as well as assessing the degree of damage and subsequent design of reconstruction measures and arrangements which would enable the safe and reliable use of the building. The current mechanical properties of the steel material obtained from the tests and measured geometric characteristics of the structural members with imperfections were employed in finite element models to study the post-fire behaviour of the structure. In order to compare the behaviour of the numerically modelled steel roof truss, subjected to the effects of fire, with the real post-fire response of the damaged structure theoretically obtained resistance, critical temperature and the time at which the structure no longer meets the required reliability criteria under its given loading are compared with real values. A very good agreement between the simulated results and real characteristics of the structure after the fire was observed.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.86-94
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• 2018

A sports center fire in Jecheon caused 29 deaths and 40 injuries. This study focused only on the structural factors of the building and equipment to investigate the causes of casualties based on the fire investigation results at the sports center. The structural factors of the building and equipment were a piloti-type parking lot, lack of a fire compartment between the piloti-type parking lot and lobby, lack of an installed sprinkler system, lack of an installed fire door in the main stairs on the $1^{st}$ floor, lack of an installed fire water tank on the rooftop, an installed pocket fire door in the main entrance on the $2^{nd}$ floor, poor fire compartments in an EPS space and a pipe pit and on each floor, a leak in the joint of a drain pipe, plywood installed in the hoistway of the freight elevator and interior wall, illegal remodeling of a closed rooftop structure, which cannot discharge smoke and heat, installed styrofoam insulation in the inside of the parking lot ceiling, an installed tempered glass window, which cannot be opened in the ladies bathroom on the $2^{nd}$ floor, and a finished dryvit exterior wall.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.57-66
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• 2018

A sports center fire in Jecheon that caused 29 deaths and 40 injuries was analyzed based on initial response and management in order to investigate the causes of the casualties. The aspects of initial response included delay of reporting 119, not being guided to the exit for the body scrubber on the $2^{nd}$ floor for escape, opening the fire doors of the exits on the $1^{st}$ floor and $3^{rd}$ floor, not closing the fire door of the main stairs on the $3^{rd}$ floor, and not doing an emergency broadcast. The management aspects included closing the alarm valve of the sprinkler system on the $1^{st}$ floor, starting-stop of the fire pump controller, neglecting leakage of water and electricity between the false ceiling and ceiling in the parking lot, hiding the exit light in the ladies bathroom lounge on the $2^{nd}$ floor and piling up things in the exit, neglecting the button of an automatic door on the $2^{nd}$ floor, conventional fire safety management, insufficient inspection of fire equipment, and not working fire shutters and smoke exhaust windows.