• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.157-165
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• 2016

It is possible to achieve high strength ranging from 40 MPa to 70 MPa in alkali-activated slag concrete (AASC), and AASC is also known to have a finer pore structure due to its high latent hydraulicity and fineness of slag cement, which makes it difficult for chloride ions to penetrate. Electrophoresis is mostly used to calculate the effective diffusion coefficient of chloride ions, and then to evaluate resistance to salt damage. Few studies have been conducted on the fixation capacity of chloride ions in AASC. For this reason, in this study the chloride fixation within the hardened paste was evaluated according to the type and the amount of alkaline activators. As a result, it was revealed that among the test specimens, the chloride fixation was greatest in the paste containing $Na_2SiO_3$. In addition, it was found that as more activator was added, a higher level of chloride fixation was observed. Through this analysis, it can be concluded that the type and the amount of alkaline activators have a high correlation with the amount of C-S-H produced.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.553-564
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• 2022

Concrete is a representative composite material that shows excellent performance in the construction field. However, it is a brittle and nonhomogeneous material and exhibits weak behavior against bending and tensile forces. To compensate for such weakens, fiber reinforcement has been utilized, and steel fiber has been recognized as one of the best material for such purpose. However, steel fiber can seriously affect the durability of concrete exposed to the marine environment due to the corrosion caused by chlorine ions. This study intended to evaluate the mechanical performance of steel fiber reinforce concrete during and after repeated wet/dry cycles in salt solution. According to the experimental results, there was no reduction in the relative dynamic modulus of concrete during the repeated wet/dry cycles in salt solution for 37 weeks. Flexural strength was not decreased after completion of repeated wet/dry cycles in salt solution. There was no sign of corrosion in steel fibers after visual observation of fractured surface. However, the flexural toughness was decreased, and this is because about half of the concrete specimen showed failure before reaching the maximum displacement of 3 mm. Although repeated wet/dry cycles in salt solution did not cause cracks in concrete through corrosion of steel fibers, specific attention is required because it can reduce flexural toughness of steel fiber reinforced concrete.

• Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.97-103
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• 2022

An aircraft component can only be mounted on an aircraft if it has been certified to have a structural robustness under flight load conditions. Among the major components of the aircraft, a pylon is a structure that connects external equipment such as an engine, and external attachments with the main wing of an aircraft and transmits the loads acting on it to the main structure of the aircraft. In civil aircraft, when there is an incident of fire in the engine area, the pylon prevents the fire from spreading to the wings. This study presents the results of structural static tests performed to verify the structural robustness of a fuel pylon used to mount external fuel tank in an aircraft. In the main text, we present the test set-up diagram consisting of test fixture, hydraulic pressure unit, load control system, and data acquisition equipment used in the structure static test of the fuel pylon. In addition, we introduce the software that controls the load actuator, and provide a test profile for each test load condition. As a result of the structural static test, it was found that the load actuator was properly controlled within the allowable error range in each test, and the reliability of the numerical analysis was verified by comparing the numerical analysis results and the strain obtained from the structural test at the main positions of the test specimen. In conclusion, it was proved that the fuel pylon covered in this study has sufficient structural strength for the required load conditions through structural static tests.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.27-34
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• 2024

The direct and indirect damages caused by fires in underground utility tunnels have a great impact on society as a whole, so efforts are needed to prevent and manage them in advance. To this end, research is ongoing to prevent disasters such as fire flooding by applying digital twin technology to underground utility tunnels. A network is required to transmit the sensed signals from each sensor to the platform. In essence, it is necessary to analyze the application of wireless networks in the underground utility tunnel environments because the tunnel lacks the reception range of external wireless communication systems. Within the underground utility tunnels, electromagnetic interference caused by transmission and distribution cables, and diffuse reflection of signals from internal structures, obstacles, and metallic pipes such as water pipes can cause distortion or size reduction of wireless signals. To ensure real-time connectivity for remote surveillance and monitoring tasks through sensing, it is necessary to measure and analyze the wireless coverage in underground utility tunnels. Therefore, in order to build a wireless network environment in the underground utility tunnels. this study minimized the shaded area and measured the actual cavity environment so that there is no problem in connecting to the wireless environment inside the underground utility tunnels. We analyzed the data transmission rate, signal strength, and signal-to-noise ratio for each section of the terrain of the underground utility tunnels. The obtained results provide an appropriate wireless planning approach for installing wireless networks in underground utility tunnels.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.761-768
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to investigate bond properties of GFRP used in SFRC (Steel fiber reinforced concrete) and normal concrete. The experimental variables were rebar diameter (D13, D16), steel fiber volume fraction (0~2%) and cover thickness ($1.5d_b$, $5.4d_b$). The experimental results showed a different failure mode depending on the cover thickness. Through the tested specimens, splitting failure occurred for the specimens with small cover thickness and pull out failure occurred in the specimens with large cover thickness. Introduction of steel fiber caused the specimens to have more ductile behavior of bond stresss-lip after peak stress, but they did not increase the bond strength significantly. These failure modes were shown in both steel reinforcement and GFRP. However, from the difference of micro structure of bond failure mechanism between steel rebar and GFRP rebar, more ductile behavior was observed in GFRP-specimens after maximum bond strength was reached.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.201-209
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• 2016

This study is to examine experimentally on the engineering properties of fiber reinforced concrete using kenaf(KN) fiber and another organic fibers for comparing test, and propose the usable method of KN fiber as an natural fiber in the concrete industry. It is to select 4 contents(0, 0.3, 0.6 and $0.9kg/m^3$) of KN fiber and 4 organic fibers (Jute, Cellulose, Polypropylene and Nylon). For this study, it is to perform various tests including slump, air content, plastic and drying shrinkage, flexural and tensile strength, carbonation depth for the fiber reinforced concrete according to contents of KN fiber and 4 organic fibers. The results of this study are as follows : In case of KN fiber contents $0.6kg/m^3$, it shows the effective results from increasing concrete strength including flexural and tensile, from decreasing plastic and drying shrinkage, carbonation depth. Also KN fiber is confirmed having excellent performances by comparing with test results of another organic fibers as same contents $0.6kg/m^3$. Therefore, considering concrete test results, cost and environment, KN fiber is proposed as the optimum contents in the range of $0.6kg/m^3$ and an effective fiber materials, and needs to keep up these study on the site application.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.565-572
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• 2008

It is a trend to increase safekeeping properties in financial company as the world economy situation has been globalized and advanced. The development of a securable vault door resisting to malicious trespass is needed. Therefore, this study focuses on developing high performance concrete placed at the inside of the vault door, and all materials used in this study is easy to obtain in domestic considering economic competitiveness. The compressive strength over 170 MPa was targeted, and structurally strengthening was also planned in order to resist to over $3,000^{\circ}C$ heating by torch and extreme impact loading by hammer drilling machine. Several types of fibers and reinforcing structures were used in order to resist those external heating and loading. This purpose was required to satisfy UL 608 standard of a vault door. Consequently, the result from this study is expected to be applied to construction field of major facilities, which should guarantee the safety from an external attack such as terror.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.376-380
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• 2007

Used polyurethane (PU) was chemically degraded by the treatment with flame retardants such as tris(1,3-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), triethyl phosphate (TEP), and trimethyl phosphate (TMP). Analysis of FT-IR and P-NMR showed that the degraded products (DEP) contained oligourethanes. Rigid polyurethane foam was produced using the DEP as flame retardants. The flammability and thermal stability of recycled rigid polyurethane were investigated. The mechanical properties such as compressive strength of recycled polyurethane were also studied. The recycled polyurethane reduced flammability and enhanced thermal stability over intrinsic polyurethane. Mechanical strength of recycled polyurethane also shows as high as that of intrinsic polyurethane. In order to evaluate flame retardant properties of the recycled polyurethane foams with various amounts of DEP, heat release rate (HRR) of the foam was measured by cone calorimeter. Scanning electron micrograph of recycled PU showed a uniform cell morphology as a intrinsic PU.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.321-330
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• 2011

Recently, the effects of high temperature and fiber content on the residual mechnical properties of high-strength concrete were experimentally investigated. In this paper, residual mechanical properties of concrete with water to cement (w/c) ratios of 0.55, 0.42 and 0.35 exposed to high temperature are compared with those obtained in fiber reinforced concrete with similar characteristics ranging from 0.05% to 0.20% polypropylene (PP) fiber volume percentage. Also, factors including pre-load levels of 20% and 40% of the maximum load at room temperature are considered. Outbreak time, thermal strain, length change, and mass loss were tested to determine compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and energy absorption capacity. From the results, in order to prevent the explosive spalling of 50 MPa grade concretes exposed to high temperature, more than 0.05 vol. % of PP fibers is needed. Also, the cross-sectional area of PP fiber can influence the residual mechanical properties and spalling tendency of fiber reinforced concrete exposed to high temperature. Especially, the external loading increases not only the residual mechanical properties of concrete but also the risk of spalling and brittle failure tendency.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.335-344
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• 2021

In structural engineering practice, understanding the performance of composite columns under extreme loading conditions such as high-rise bulding, long span and heavy loads is essential to accuratly predicting of material responses under severe loads such as fires or earthquakes. Hitherto, the combined effect of partial axial loads and subsequent elevated temperatures on the performance of hollow steel column filled fly ash concrete have not been widely investigated. Comprehensive test was carried out to investigate the effect of elevated temperatures on partial axially loaded square hollow steel column filled fly ash concrete as reported in this paper. Four batches of hollow steel column filled fly ash concrete ( 30 percent replacement of fly ash), (HySC) and normal concrete (CFHS) were subjected to four different load levels, n_f of 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% based on ultimate column strength. Subsequently, all batches of the partially damage composite columns were exposed to transient elevated temperature up to 250℃, 450℃ and 650℃ for one hour. The overall stress - strain relationship for both types of composited columns with different concrete fillers were presented for each different partial load levels and elevated temperature exposure. Results show that CFHS column has better performance than HySC at ambient temperature with 1.03 relative difference. However, the residual ultimate compressive strength of HySC subjected to partial axial load and elevated temperature exposure present an improvement compared to CFHS column with percentage difference in range 1.9% to 18.3%. Most of HySC and CFHS column specimens failed due to local buckling at the top and middle section of the column caused by concrete crushing. The columns failed due to global buckling after prolong compression load. After the compression load was lengthened, the columns were found to fail due to global buckling except for HySC02.