• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.677-686
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• 2018

An intensive measurement was conducted to study the mass and number concentrations of atmospheric aerosols in Anheung ($36.679^{\circ}N$, $126.186^{\circ}E$), the west coastal measurement site of Korea during December 2017~April 2018. To evaluate relationships between the aerosols and meteorological parameters, comparisons of Optical Particle Counter (OPC) measured data and Auto Weather System (AWS) data were performed. Measured PM mass concentrations are $PM_{10}=42.814{\pm}30.103{\mu}g/m^3$, $PM_{2.5}=29.674{\pm}25.063{\mu}g/m^3$, $PM_1=28.958{\pm}24.658{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. The PM ratios showed that the $PM_{10}$ concentrations contained about 67.8% of $PM_{2.5}$, while most part of $PM_{2.5}$ was $PM_1$ (about 97.1%). Timely collocation with AWS data were performed, exploring relations with the PM concentrations. PM concentrations can be explained by wind direction and relative humidity conditions. The significant reductions of fine particles in mass and number concentrations may attribute to actions on particle growth and wet removal. In these results, we suppose that the aerosol concentrations and size distributions are affected by inflow direction and air mass sources from the origin.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.523-531
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• 2015

수도권에 있는 4개 도로터널을 선정해 오전 7시부터 오전 9시까지 미세먼지와 벤젠을 측정한 결과 PM10은 $111{\sim}268{\mu}g/m^3$으로 연간 대기환경기준치인 $50{\mu}g/m^3$을 2~5배 이상 초과하였고 PM2.5는 $35{\sim}65{\mu}g/m^3$으로 대기환경기준치인 $25{\mu}g/m^3$을 1.5배~2.5배 초과 하였다. 벤젠의 경우 300~500 ppb로 나타나 대기환경기준치인 1.5 ppb의 200~330배 초과하였다. 국내 장대터널에서 4개월 연속 측정한 결과 PM10의 경우 $30{\sim}400{\mu}g/m^3$으로 나타났고 Bag filter를 이용한 PM10의 제거효율은 97% 이상으로 나타나 향후 터널 내 대기질 개선에 기여할 것으로 판단된다. 벤젠의 경우 250~350 ppb로 측정되었다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제20권4호통권51호
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• pp.365-374
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• 2005

Ambient air particulate matters are classified into two distinct modes in sire distribution, namely the coarse and fine particles. Correlation between high particulate concentration and adverse effect on human populations has long been recognized. However, the toxicology of these adverse efforts has not been clarified. We investigated the genotoxic effect of PM 2.5 collected from urban area in Seoul by comet assay (A549 cells), CBMN assay (CHO-K1 cells) and EROD-microbioassay (H4IIE cells). Results from in vitro micronucleus assay and comet assay showed that PM 2.5 samples collected from traffic area, residential area and indoor air induced chromosomal damage and DNA breakage in a non-cytotoxic dose. The complex mixture effect of these PM 2.5 extracts was quantified by EROD-microbioassay in terms of its bio-TEQ (biologiral -TCDD equivalent concentration) which was 70.87$\pm$28.07, 93.55$\pm$21.80 and 14.31 $\pm$ 1.10 ng/g-PM 2.5 in traffic area, residental area and indoor air samples, respectively. Conclusively, we suggested that PM 2.5 collected from traffic area and residential area contains CYPIA inducer and genotoxic materials.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.236-242
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• 1993

As the fundamental research on preparation of fine single crystalline ferroxaplana by means of glass-crystallization methods using steel twin-roller, the properties of ferroxplana crystallized from glass were studied. Most of the specimens quenched by twin-roller at about 130$0^{\circ}C$ were glass phase, the crystallization of these glasses underwent multi-steps and ferroxplana phase was only stable in the temperature range of 88$0^{\circ}C$ to 95$0^{\circ}C$. Above 95$0^{\circ}C$ ferroxplana begines to be decomposed in glass. Ferroxplana had such magnetic properties as M8=29emu/g, MHC=166Oe, and Curie Temperature, Tc=610$\pm$5K.

• 대기
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.469-477
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• 2018

We performed the comparison of observed $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ at both the Yonsei University and the AIRKOREA site in the same Seodaemun-gu district, Seoul from March to December 2016. Generally, the moderate correlations between two sites were found for both $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$, but monthly difference was somewhat occurred, implying that the measurement situation is not equally maintained even in a closely located area. Particularly correlations became weaker in June and July, which seems the impact of rainy conditions. Correlations between two stations were higher for $PM_{10}$ compared to $PM_{2.5}$, probably indicating the spatially larger difference of fine mode particle. Monthly mean variation was similar between two sites showing a maximum in March and minimum in August. Diurnal variation was somewhat different: morning peak at Yonsei University but evening peak at the Seodaemun-gu AIRKOREA site, reflecting the difference of local air condition. We also compared the extent of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ according to the local wind speed and direction. In general, the level of particulate matter was high when the wind is blowing from the northwestern area with low wind speed, meaning the high accumulation effect of transported air particles. Findings of this study can be usefully considered for the investigation about the discrepancy of aerosol measurement in a local scale.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.191-204
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• 2017

우리나라의 대기환경 정책은 주로 연료 전환과 배출허용기준 강화를 통한 대기오염물질 배출 저감 정책을 활용하였다. 이 정책은 1차 대기오염물질을 효과적으로 저감하였다. 그러나 초미세먼지는 발생원에서 배출되기도 하지만 대기에서 생성되는 비율이 높아, 대기화학반응의 주요 생성기작을 이해하지 못하면 효과적인 저감 정책을 수립하기 힘들다. 미국이나 유럽은 일찍부터 자국의 환경을 반영한 대기에서 생성되는 초미세먼지의 유기성분 생성 수율 및 자국 내 전구물질의 물질별 기여도를 파악하여, 저감 대책 수립에 활용하고 있다. 또한 집중관측소(super-site) 연구를 통하여 얻어진 관측 자료를 활용하여, 수용모델 등을 활용하여 주요 오염원을 파악하고, 오염원별 저감 정책을 수립하고 있다. 이런 과학적인 이해에 바탕을 둔 정책 수립 및 시행으로 미국은 악명이 높았던 로스엔젤레스 지역의 스모그도 많이 개선시켰다. 최근에는 (1) 국지적인 화학반응에 의한 유해 유기 에어로졸 성분 분석 및 위해성 평가와, (2) 아시아로부터 장거리이동된 초미세먼지와 오존의 생성, 이동 기작 규명에 중점을 두어 연구하고 있다. 유럽도 국지적인 유해성분(주로 유기 에어로졸)과 전유럽 지역의 초미세먼지와 오존 이동 및 영향에 대한 연구에 중점을 두고 과학적인 이해를 증진하는 연구를 수행하고 있다. 중국은 스모그 현상을 줄이기 위한 지역별 대기오염 특성 규명 및 배출원 저감에 중점적으로 연구를 진행하고 있으며, 정책적 면에서 우리나라의 2000년대 초와 비슷한 정책과 연구를 수행하고 있다. 외국 사례에서 보듯이 초미세먼지 문제를 해결하려면 (1) 초미세먼지의 생성과 사람에 대한 영향에 대한 과학적 이해 연구를 수행하여 불확실도를 줄이고, (2) 이를 바탕으로 초미세먼지와 그 전구물질을 효율적으로 저감하는 정책을 수립하고 효과적으로 시행하는 체계를 구축하여야 할 것이다. 우리는 초미세먼지 문제에서 생성기작, 위해성 평가, 모델링 분야에서 과학적 이해가 부족하여 신뢰성 있는 초미세먼지 저감 정책 수립에 어려움을 갖고 있다. 위해성 평가 같은 분야는 우리나라 결과가 아직 많지 않아 외국 결과를 주로 활용하고 있다. 이런 경우, 오차와 함께 외국 결과를 우리나라에 적용 가능한지, 적용이 가능하더라도 외국 결과를 시용할 때의 얼마나 우리 사례에 맞는지 등의 불확실성도 발생한다. 또 우리는 아직 서울이나 우리나라에서 초미세먼지가 생성되는 대기에서의 화학반응에서 주요 반응물이나 반응 경로가 선진국에서 연구한 결과와 일치하는지 다르다면 어떻게 다른지 잘 이해하지 못하고 있다. 이러한 과학적 이해에 바탕을 둔 모델도 현재 우리가 사용하는 모델들은 미국의 대기를 잘 예측하도록 개발된 모델들이어서 우리나라 사례를 얼마나 잘 모사하는지 잘 모르고 있다. 또한 국민의 불안을 해소하기 위해서는 초미세먼지의 발생부터 사람에게 미치는 영향까지를 과학적으로 이해하고 이를 저감하는 것을 대기환경 관리의 목표로 설정하는 것이 필수적이다. 이를 수행하기 위해서는 보다 효과적인 대기관리 및 소통 체계 구축이 필요하다.

• 에너지공학
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.45-56
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• 2017

Coal power plants produce electricity for the nation's power grid, but they also produce more hazardous air emissions than any other industrial pollution sources. The quantity is staggering, over 386,000 tons of 84 separate hazardous air pollutants spew from over 400 plants in 46 states. In South Korea also, annual coal ash generation from coal-fired power plants were about 6 million tons in 2015. Pollutants containing particulate matter 10, 2.5 (PM10, PM2.5), heavy metals and dioxins from coal-fired power plant. The emissions threaten the health of people who live near these power plants, as well as those who live hundreds of miles away. These pollutants that have long-term impacts on the environment because they accumulate in soil, water and animals. The present study is to investigate the physical and chemical characteristics of coal-fired power plant fly ash and bottom ash contains particulate matter, whose particulate sizes are lower than $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ and heavy metals. There are wide commercial technologies were available for monitoring the PM 2.5 and ultra-fine particles, among those carbonation technology is a good tool for stabilizing the alkaline waste materials. We collected the coal ash samples from different coal power plants and the chemical composition of coal fly ash was characterized by XRF. In the present laboratory research approach reveals that potential application of carbonation technology for particulate matter $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$ and stabilization of heavy metals. The significance of this emerging carbonation technology was improving the chemical and physical properties of fly ash and bottom ash samples can facilitate wide re use in construction applications.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.325-337
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• 2013

The size-fractionated aerosol samples have been collected at Gosan Site of Jeju Island during the spring season of 2010, in order to examine the chemical composition characteristics of the Asian Dust and Non-Asian Dust particles. The concentrations of ${HCO_3}^-$, Al, and nss-$Ca^{2+}$ in $PM_{10}$ had tremendously increased during the heavy Asian Dust (March 20, 2010). The concentration ratios of Asian Dust to Non-Asian Dust for the soil species (nss-$Ca^{2+}$, ${HCO_3}^-$, Al, Fe, Ti, Mn) were 12.2~30.7, meanwhile those for the anthropogenic species (nss-${SO_4}^{2-}$, ${NH_4}^+$, ${NO_3}^-$, $K^+$, Zn, Pb, and Cu) were 2.9~7.8. During the heavy Asian Dust event, the concentration increase of ${NO_3}^-$ in $PM_{2.5}$ were much more apparent than those of nss-${SO_4}^{2-}$ and ${NH_4}^+$, and the soil species (nss-$Ca^{2+}$ and ${HCO_3}^-$) showed much higher concentration increase. The neutralization factor of $NH_3$ was higher than that of $CaCO_3$. However, the neutralization factor of $CaCO_3$ in $PM_{10}$ was exceptionally high during the heavy Asian Dust, showing the evidence of heavy migration of soil particles. From the study for size fractionated particles, it was found that nss-${SO_4}^{2-}$ and ${NH_4}^+$ were mostly distributed in fine particle mode, on the other hand, ${NO_3}^-$ existed evenly in both fine and coarse particle modes, and the soil species (nss-$Ca^{2+}$, Al, Fe, etc.) were mainly in the latter mode. During the heavy Asian Dust, in particular, the concentrations of ${NH_4}^+$, nss-${SO_4}^{2-}$, $K^+$, Zn, and Pb had increased in coarse particle mode as well.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.469-480
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• 2012

본 연구는 3년(2005. 12. 1-2008. 11. 30) 동안 부산의 $PM_{2.5}$ 대기오염자동관측소(장림동: 공업지역, 좌동: 주거지역) 측정자료 중 고농도 $PM_{2.5}$(24시간 환경기준 $50{\mu}g/m^3$)에 대한 $PM_{2.5}$ 및 $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ 농도비의 일변화 특성과 함께 시 공간적 풍계(풍향 및 풍속)에 따른 특성을 분석하고자 하였다. 고농도 $PM_{2.5}$는 장림동과 좌동 각각 182일 및 27일이었다. 장림동에서 고농도 $PM_{2.5}$의 시간평균농도 및 $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ 농도비의 일변화는 모든 계절에서 오후에 비해 새벽과 오전 및 야간에 높은 비슷한 패턴을 나타내었다. 좌동의 여름 주간에 $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ 농도비가 증가하는 것은 해양조건에서 광화학반응에 의해 생성되는 이차 입자상물질 중 $PM_{10}$의 거대입자 농도가 미세입자인 $PM_{2.5}$ 농도보다 더 감소하기 때문이다. 시간대별로 시 공간적 풍계(풍향 및 풍속등급) 특성을 분석하였다. 그 결과, 고농도 $PM_{2.5}$는 장림동에서 공업단지의 산업활동에 의한 오염물질 정체와 주변지역의 오염물질 이동에 의해 발생되었다. 좌동에서는 주로 주거와 상업활동으로 인한 지역적 오염물질 정체로 발생하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 대기
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2008

Log normalized volume size distribution (dV/dlog$D_p$) with 52 size ranges from 0.5 to $20.0{\mu}m$ was measured for the cases of high $PM_{10}$ mass concentration (> $200{\mu}gm^{-3}$) using the Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS) at the Korea Global Atmosphere Watch Center (KGAWC) from 6 April, 2006 to 5 April, 2007. Black Carbon (BC), gaseous pollutants of $NO_X$ and $SO_2$ and ${\AA}ngstr\ddot{o}m$ exponent were also measured to examine the properties of the volume size distribution. From distinct difference of the high volume concentration (> $100{\mu}m^3cm^{-3}$), the volume size distribution for each event day was clasified into four types: (1) Type 1 had the high volume concentration for supermicron particles from 2.3 to $6.0{\mu}m$ and maximum average volume concentration was $160.7{\mu}m^3cm^{-3}$ at $3.5{\mu}m$. (2) Type 2 represented the high volume concentration in the both size range of submicron ($0.7-1.0{\mu}m$) and supermicron particles ($2.1-4.1{\mu}m^3cm^{-3}$ and $136.2{\mu}m^3cm^{-3}$ were found at 0.8 and $3.3{\mu}m$ respectively. (3) Type 3 showed the high volume concentration in the size range of $0.5-3.5{\mu}m$ and highest volume concentration of $201.1{\mu}m^3cm^{-3}$ at the particle size bin of $0.8{\mu}m$. (4) Type 4 was characterized by the high volume concentration for the fine particles less than $1.2{\mu}m$ and very high concentration of $446.8{\mu}m^3cm^{-3}$. ${\AA}ngstr\ddot{o}m$ exponent, concentration of gaseous ($NO_X$ and $SO_2$), and particle (BC) pollutants suggested that Type 1 was a typical volume size distribution for the Asian dust and Type 3 provided transportation of air pollutants. The distribution in Type 2 found to have both characteristics of the Asian dust and air pollutants, and Type 4 was took place during the foggy atmosphere containing high density of local pollutants. Based on the properties of volume size distribution, we can identify the three major events contributing the increase of $PM_{10}$ mass concentration, and hope to provide a guideline for discriminating the Asian dust from high $PM_{10}$ events. More case studies and longeto advance this determination method.