• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제20권4호통권51호
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• pp.365-374
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• 2005

Ambient air particulate matters are classified into two distinct modes in sire distribution, namely the coarse and fine particles. Correlation between high particulate concentration and adverse effect on human populations has long been recognized. However, the toxicology of these adverse efforts has not been clarified. We investigated the genotoxic effect of PM 2.5 collected from urban area in Seoul by comet assay (A549 cells), CBMN assay (CHO-K1 cells) and EROD-microbioassay (H4IIE cells). Results from in vitro micronucleus assay and comet assay showed that PM 2.5 samples collected from traffic area, residential area and indoor air induced chromosomal damage and DNA breakage in a non-cytotoxic dose. The complex mixture effect of these PM 2.5 extracts was quantified by EROD-microbioassay in terms of its bio-TEQ (biologiral -TCDD equivalent concentration) which was 70.87$\pm$28.07, 93.55$\pm$21.80 and 14.31 $\pm$ 1.10 ng/g-PM 2.5 in traffic area, residental area and indoor air samples, respectively. Conclusively, we suggested that PM 2.5 collected from traffic area and residential area contains CYPIA inducer and genotoxic materials.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.579-593
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• 2009

Several fine particle-related policies in Northeast United States were investigated in support of the execution of special measures to improve air quality of Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA). The definition of particulate matter (PM) in the Clean Air Act (CAA), components and procedures of Regional Haze Rule (RHR), and Air Quality Management (AQM) were reviewed. Several State Implementation Plans (SIPs) were also reviewed as the way to attain required air quality under the Clean Air Act. $PM_{2.5}$ attainment SIP of Maryland, 8-hr Ozone attainment SIP of New Jersey, and Regional Haze Rule attainment SIP of MANE-VU were analyzed in detail as case studies. We realized that "Special Measures for Air Quality Improvement in the Seoul Metropolitan Area" has many similarities with its US counterparts in terms of purpose, components, procedures, and implementation methods. US policies, however, have more advanced features, such as standardized procedures and methods, transparent guidelines, and stable relationship among federal/state/local governments and stakeholders, which would be helpful to improve air quality in SMA.

• 융합신호처리학회논문지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.16-23
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• 2019

PM 2.5로 불리는 초미세먼지는 인간의 건강을 해치는 2.5 ㎛ 이하 직경의 입자크기를 갖는 공기 중의 미세먼지를 말하며, 미세먼지 집중도는 공기 질 정보로 사용할 수 있다. 사람은 일반적으로 90% 이상을 실내에서 거주하며 실내에 대한 공식적인 먼지 집중도 자료는 제공되지 않기 때문에, 본 연구는 실내의 관점에서 공기 질 측정에 초점을 두었다. 실내 먼지데이터 모니터링은 병원과 같은 환경에서 매우 중요할 뿐만 아니라 교실, 시멘트 공장, 컴퓨터 서버 룸, 석유화학 저장고 등의 장소에서도 유용하게 사용할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 전자기파로부터 자유로운 실내 먼지 모니터링을 위해 맨체스터 코딩기법을 이용한 가시광 통신 시스템을 제안한다. 넓은 범위의 먼지 집중도를 포함한 중요한 실내 환경정보가 가시광 채널을 통해 전송된다. 강력한 주변광 및 저주파 잡음 제거를 위해 평균전압트레킹 기법을 사용한다. 입력광은 광다이오드에 의해 수신되고, 동시에 수신 마이크로콘트롤러에 의해 신호처리 한다. 사용자는 실시간으로 실내 공기 질 정보를 모니터링 할 수 있으며, 공기 질 정보에 따라 미리 적합한 대처를 할 수 있다.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.217-225
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• 2016

The purpose of the study was to initially investigate the concentration patterns of $PM_1$, $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ in the Seoul subway lines, and then to figure out the PM behaviors of internal and external sources inside subway tunnels. The PMs were monitored by a light scattering real-time monitor during winter (Jan. 8-26 in 2015) and summer (July 2-Aug. 7 in 2015) in tunnel air, in passenger cabin air, and in the ambient air. The daily average $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, and $PM_1$ concentrations on these object lines were $101.3{\pm}38.4$, $81.5{\pm}30.2$, and $59.7{\pm}19.9{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. On an average, the PM concentration was about 1.2 times higher in winter than in summer and about 1.5 times higher in underground tunnel sections than in ground sections. In this study, we also calculated extensively the average PM mass ratios for $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$, $PM_1/PM_{10}$, and $PM_1/PM_{2.5}$; for example, the range of $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ ratio in tunnel air was 0.82-0.86 in underground tunnel air, while that was 0.48-0.68 in outdoor ground air. The ratio was much higher in tunnel air than in outdoor air and was always higher in summer than in winter in case of outdoor air. It seemed from the results that the in/out air quality as well as a proper amount of subway ventilation must be significant influence factors in terms of fine PM management and control for the tunnel air quality improvement.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.205-219
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• 2016

Objectives: No children-specified review and meta-analysis paper about the short-term effect of fine particulate matter ($PM_{2.5}$) on hospital admissions and emergency department visits for asthma has been published. We calculated more precise pooled effect estimates on this topic and evaluated the variation in effect size according to the differences in study characteristics not considered in previous studies. Methods: Two authors each independently searched PubMed and EMBASE for relevant studies in March, 2016. We conducted random effect meta-analyses and mixed-effect meta-regression analyses using retrieved summary effect estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and some characteristics of selected studies. The Egger's test and funnel plot were used to check publication bias. All analyses were done using R version 3.1.3. Results: We ultimately retrieved 26 time-series and case-crossover design studies about the short-term effect of $PM_{2.5}$ on children's hospital admissions and emergency department visits for asthma. In the primary meta-analysis, children's hospital admissions and emergency department visits for asthma were positively associated with a short-term $10{\mu}g/m^3$ increase in $PM_{2.5}$ (relative risk, 1.048; 95% CI, 1.028 to 1.067; $I^2=95.7%$). We also found different effect coefficients by region; the value in Asia was estimated to be lower than in North America or Europe. Conclusions: We strengthened the evidence on the short-term effect of $PM_{2.5}$ on children's hospital admissions and emergency department visits for asthma. Further studies from other regions outside North America and Europe regions are needed for more generalizable evidence.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.237-245
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• 2022

복숭아는 대표적인 여름 과일이자 알레르기를 유발하는 식품으로 밀폐되고 집약적인 생산환경으로 인해 시설 내 유기분진, 농약, 복숭아털이 발생하기 때문에, 열악한 작업환경으로 인한 작업자들이 어려움을 많이 겪고 있다. 본 연구에서는 복숭아 선별작업장에서 발생하는 미세먼지를 위치별, 작업별, 입경별로 모니터링함으로써 저감 및 대책 마련을 위한 기초자료를 확보하고자 하였다. 미세먼지 모니터링 결과 지역별로는 선별과정에서 미세먼지의 발생이 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 주로 기계적인 과정을 통하여 발생하는 10㎛ 이상의 미세먼지로 나타났다. 본 연구를 바탕으로 향후 작업환경의 개선을 위해서 공정 중 미세먼지가 주로 발생하는 지역 및 미세먼지의 물리적 특성을 고려하여 저감시설 및 개인보호구의 착용이 요구된다.

• 반도체디스플레이기술학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.89-95
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• 2021

As the influence of fine dust on society spreads gradually, the public's interest in indoor air is increasingly rising. Air-purifying plants are drawing keen attention due to their natural purifying function enabled by plant physiology. However, as their fine dust reduction mechanism is limited to adsorption only, vegetation bio-filters that optimize purification effects through integration with air-conditioning systems is rising as an alternative. In accordance with the relevant standard test methods, this study looked into the fine dust reduction assessment method by air-conditioning airflow volume that can be used for the industrial spread of vegetation bio-filters. In the case of PM₁₀ at 300 ㎍/m³, it was in the order of EG-B(3,500CMH, 29 min.) < EG-A (2,500CMH, 37 min.) < CG(0CMH, 64 min.) for reaching the maintenance level (100 ㎍/m³) of publicly used facilities. For reaching the WHO Guideline(50 ㎍/m³) requirement, it was in the order of EG-B (51 min.) < EG-A (160 min.) < CG (170 min.). In the case of PM_2.5, it was in the order of EG-B (26 min.) < EG-A (33 min.) < CG (57 min.) for reaching the maintenance level (50 ㎍/m³) of publicly used facilities. It was in the order of EG-B (48 min) < EG-A (140 min) < CG (158 min) for reaching the WHO Guideline (25 ㎍/m³) requirement. The findings from the analysis showed that fine dust can be reduced most efficiently when the system is operated at 3,500CMH level. The limitation of this study is that due to the absence of a way of assessing the stress of plants in vegetation bio-filters, generating optimal air-conditioning air flow of the relevant system and economics analysis against the existing facility-type air purification system have been clarified, which should be explored further though follow-up studies.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.216-232
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• 2016

In present, the Seoul City is undergoing traffic congestion problems caused by rapid urbanization and population growth. Thus the City government has reorganized the mass transportation system since 2004 and the subway has become a very important means for public transit. Since the subway system is typically a closed environment, the indoor air quality issues have often raised by the public. Especially since a huge amount of PM (particulate matter) is emitted from ground tunnels passing through the subway train, it is now necessary to assess the characteristics and behaviors of fine PM inside the tunnel. In this study, the concentration patterns of $PM_1$, $PM_{2.5}$, and $PM_{10}$ in the Seoul subway line-2 were analyzed by real-time measurement during winter (Jan 13, 2015) and summer (Aug 7, 2015). The line-2 consisting of 51 stations is the most busy circular line in Seoul having the railway of 60.2 km length. The the one-day average $PM_{10}$ concentrations were $148{\mu}g/m^3$ in winter and $66.3{\mu}g/m^3$ in summer and $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations were $118{\mu}g/m^3$ and $58.5{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. The $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ ratio in the underground tunnel was lower than the outdoor ratio and also the ratio in summer is higher than in winter. Further the study examined structural types of underground subsections to explain the patterns of elevated PM concentrations in the line-2. The subsections showing high PM concentration have longer track, shorter curvature radius, and farther from the outdoor stations. We also estimated the outdoor PM concentrations near each station by a spatial statistical analysis using the $PM_{10}$ data obtained from the 40 Seoul Monitoring Sites, and further we calculated $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ and $PM_1/PM_{10}$ mass ratios near the outdoor subway stations by using our observed outdoor $PM_1$, $PM_{2.5}$, and $PM_{10}$ data. Finally, we could develop pollution maps for outdoor $PM_1$ and $PM_{2.5}$ near the line-2 by using the kriging method in spatial analysis. This methodology may help to utilize existing $PM_{10}$ database when managing and control fine particle problems in Korea.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.73-82
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• 2012

This study was aimed to thoroughly estimate the characteristics of indoor particulate matter (PM) collected on subway platforms by the cooperative approach of semi-bulk and single particle analyses. The size-resolved PM and its number concentration were measured on the platform in a heavily traveled subway station in Fukuoka, Japan. Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and micro-PIXE techniques were applied to the chemical analyses of semi-bulk and single particle, respectively. There was the close resemblance of timely fluctuation between PM number concentration and train service on the third basement floor (B3F) platform compared to the second basement floor (B2F) and its maximum level was marked in rush hour. Higher number counts in large particles ($>1{\mu}m$) and lower number counts in fine particles ($<1{\mu}m$) were shown on the platform compared to an above ground. PM2.5 accounted for 58.2% and 38.2 % of TSP on B3F and on B2F, respectively. The elements that were ranked at high concentration in size-resolved semi-bulk PM were Fe, Si, Ca, S, and Na. The major elements tending to have more elevated levels on B3F than B2F were Fe (4.4 times), Ca (17.3 times), and Si (46.4 times). Although concentrations were very low, Cr ($11.9ng\;m^{-3}$ on B3F, $2.4ng\;m^{-3}$ on B2F), Mn ($3.4ng\;m^{-3}$ on B3F, $0.9ng\;m^{-3}$ on B2F), and Pb ($0.6ng\;m^{-3}$ on B3F, $1.6ng\;m^{-3}$ on B2F) were detected from PM2.5. Individual PM was nearly all enriched in Fe with Si and Ca. Classifying and source profiling of the individual particles by elemental maps and particle morphology were tried and particles were presumably divided into four groups (i.e., train/rail friction, train-rail sparking, ballast/abrasive, and cement).

• 한국대기환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국대기환경학회 2001년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.231-232
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• 2001

도시지역의 주 오염물질 중 하나인 입자상 물질(Particulate Matter:PM)은 공기역학적 직경 2.5$\mu\textrm{m}$을 기준으로 이산형 분포를 하여 2.5$\mu\textrm{m}$이하를 미세입자, 2.5$\mu\textrm{m}$이상을 조대입자로 나뉜다. 이 미세입자는 주로 자동차 배출, 산업연소에서 배출되는 가스상 물질의 2차 반응으로 발생한다(Pope et al., 1995). 미세입자는 상당량이 2차 반응에서 생성되는 물질이며, 크기가 작은 대신 상대적으로 표면적이 크기 때문에 각종 중금속과 유해 대기오염물질과의 흡착이 용이하여 호흡기 계통의 질병을 일으킬 수 있는 확률이 조대입자에 비해 높다고 알려져 있어 인체에 미치는 영향이 클 것으로 시사되고 있다(Dockery et al., 1998). (중략)