• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.3173-3177
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• 2016

Background: The Ministry of Public Health (MOPH) in Lebanon provides cancer drugs free of charge for uninsured patients who account for more than half the total case-load. Other categories of cancer care are subsidized under more stringent eligibility criteria. MOPH's large database offers an excellent opportunity to analyze the cost of cancer treatment in Lebanon. Materials and Methods: Using utilization and spending data accumulated at MOPH during 2008-2013, the cost to the public budget of cancer drugs was assessed per case and per drug type. Results: The average annual cost of cancer drugs was 6,475$ per patient. Total cancer drug costs were highest for breast cancer, followed by chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), colorectal cancer, lung cancer, and Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), which together represented 74% of total MOPH cancer drug expenditure. The annual average cancer drug cost per case was highest for CML ($31,037), followed by NHL ($11,566). Trastuzumab represented 26% and Imatinib 15% of total MOPH cancer drug expenditure over six years. Conclusions: Sustained increase in cancer drug cost threatens the sustainability of MOPH coverage, so crucial for socially vulnerable citizens. To enhance the bargaining position with pharmaceutical firms for drug cost containment in a small market like Lebanon, drug price comparisons with neighboring countries which have already obtained lower prices may succeed in lowering drug costs.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.21-21
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• 2011

Many Asian countries are suffered from various problems on water, which include the need for increased access to improves water supplies and sanitation through investments in infrastructure and capacity building, the balances water management system between development and ecosystem, and the need to reduce the human populations'vulnerability to water-related disasters, in particular, from climate variability and evolution. Decison makers are the most influential people in policy making and solving global water problems is central issue in eradicating poverty and achieving sustainable development (MDG). They across the world form an integral part of the architecture of national or regional governance. Their role covers a range of decision-making processes including passing legislation, scrutinizing government policy, and representing citizen through the election. We must ensure that these quiet but important issues get the political space, financial priority and public attention they deserve. Regional bodies such as the EU have also enacted legislation which introduces rules on water quality and other enforceable mattera across state boundaries. With this growing body of laws and policies on water issues, the role of decision makers is growing. Recognizing this role, decison makers' platform is essential to provide an opportunity to discuss crucial water issues in each country or region and for the purpose "2010 Parliaments for Water in Asia" has planned and organized to investigate our common issues and goals. During the meeting, we have an opportunity to observe water policy of Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Mongolia, New Zealand and the Philippines and share the views on what needs to be done to move forward by decision makers for the future of water. In conclusion, the process of developing the decision makers' platform in each region would be ultimately essential point to increase the awareness of the developed and developing countries' roles, knowledge to clarify roles and responsibilities of each stake holders and finally be a major actor for resolving not only water challenges also issues of human settlements.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.25 no.1 s.37
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• pp.73-87
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• 1992

The level of copayment increased in order to stabilize the financial condition of the health insurance on 1986. An important question regarding the policy was whether the increase in the level of copayments reduced the utilization of medical services in the poor selectively. In spite of the importance of the research question, no study has been reported. This study was designed to find out changes in numbers of physician visits, to explain characteristics influencing the difference of utilization before and after the program. Finally the interaction effect between the program and the level of income was examined for the abover question. A total of 10,421 persons from eight institutions was selected as the study sample. Research findings are as follows. 1. The number of physician visits decreased by ten percent as a result of increasing the level of copayment. 2. The decrease was remarkable in some groups such as children, rural area and large family. 3. The most important factor which explained the difference was the number of physician visits before the introduction of the new program. The more numbers of physian visits during the last year were, the more numbers of physian visits decreased after the program. 4. The interaction term between the program and the level of income was statistically significant in the multiple regression model which explained physician visits and its coefficient was negative. It means that an increase in copayment did not reduced the number of physician visits in the poor, selectively. 5. It can be concluded that imposing adequate copayment reduces the use of medical services as well as medical costs without serious damage in access especially for the poor people.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.17-45
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• 2017

Health Information Exchange (HIE) is expected to improve the quality and efficiency of care by allowing providers online access to healthcare information generated by other providers at the point of care. However, the adoption of the technology in Korea has been slow since its pilot program in 2007~2010 at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital. The objective of this study was to survey stakeholders on the incentive program for the facilitation of HIE adoption. We surveyed 39 experts representing 6 categories of stakeholders-provider, insurer, government, information service firms, customers, and medical informatics experts for the interviews. Interview questions included program objectives, program participation requirements, incentive payment method, and administrative burden for program participation. Experts indicated that the quality of care was the most important value the program should aim to achieve through the HIE adoption. They suggested that the requirements and administrative burden for participation should be kept at minimum to recruit a large number of providers to the program, which is an indicator of program success. Experts were divided on the payment method whether the incentive should be paid as a part of the fee payment scheme operated by the National Health Insurance (NHI) or should be a payment made independent of the NHI. The source of the divide was conflict of interest among stakeholders as to who pays for the program, and the insurer and consumer groups were against the NHI taking the financial burden. It appeared to be the most significant factor for the successful program launching to resolve the gap in perceptions about benefits of the technology among stakeholders and to win the willingness to pay for the program.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.73-116
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• 2005

When people contact the government they can use a variety of channels. That is, they go in person to an office, use a telephone service, access information via the Internet, send a letter, or use a third party. Since the Australian Government first recognised the potential of online technology to improve service delivery in its 1997 Investing for Growth statement, it has articulated its policies and strategies for e-government in a number of papers. E-government involves government agencies delivering better programs and services online through the use of new information and communication technologies. The policy papers included Government Online-The Commonwealth's Strategy, launched in April 2000, and a new framework for e-government, Better Services. Better Government, launched in November 2002. Most recently, the Government released Australia's Strategic Framework for the Information Economy in July 2004. These papers outlined the broad directions and priorities for the future of e-government in Australia, and sought to maintain the momentum of agencies' actions under Government Online. One of its key objectives was for agencies to achieve greater efficiency in providing services and a return on their investments in ICT (Information and Communication Technology)-based service delivery. They also stated that investing in e-government should deliver tangible returns, whether they take the form of cost reductions, increased efficiency and productivity, or improved services to business and the broader community Implementation of the Government policy has led to considerable agency investment in ICT-based service delivery. However government policy also requires managers to ensure that program and service delivery is efficient and effective. Efficient and effective use of ICT has the potential to improve service delivery and to make financial savings. This paper outlines how people are using the channels to contact the government in Australia. It also examines the level of satisfaction they have with those services and their preferences and expectations. In addition, this paper aims at identifying the methods used by Australian Government to measure the efficiency and effectiveness of their delivery of services, and at assessing the adequacy of these methods.

• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.27-46
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• 2020

The need for changes in archival studies curriculum has been steadily raised because of the wide variation of the curriculum in each graduate school. In this study, the foreign archival studies guidelines and certification standards were compared and analyzed to derive key categories and elements for developing the Korean guidelines for a graduate program in archival studies. The five key categories and elements of the guideline include introduction, mission and goal, knowledge categories, administrative factors, and conclusion. On the other hand, the 10 knowledge categories to be learned by archivists include ① The Nature of Records and Archives, ② Selection, Appraisal, and Acquisition, ③ Arrangement and Description, ④ Preservation, ⑤ Reference and Access, ⑥ Outreach, Instruction, and Advocacy, ⑦ Management and Administration, ⑧ Social and Cultural Systems, ⑨ Legal and Financial Systems, and ⑩ Information Technology. In the future, knowledge categories need to be actively reflected by the opinions of the academic community and archivists to improve the graduate curriculum.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.153-160
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• 2012

Various social problems such as traffic congestion, car accidents and environmental problems(air pollution, noises etc.) have been happening in the Seoul metropolitan area that has the car oriented traffic system providing cars continuously. Along with this, the financial burden caused by current oil price anxiety made paradigm shift from caroriented to public transportation-oriented. Its typical example is an arterial branch bus system changing(bus lane through the center of main road) started in Seoul in July, 2004. But study on safety analysis of bus lane and characteristic of accidents are not sufficient enough to now. The bus lanes are expanded to provide roads for better traffic operation and accidents between buses and pedestrians or ordinary vehicles are considered main problems. This study divided each bus route of median bus lane(bus-only lane through the center of main roads) and bus lane at roadside by intersection and collected and analysed data about influence variables of bus accidents chosen in each section. We constructed a logistic model using collected data. As a result, bus lane at roadside are used by both buses and other kinds of vehicles differently from median bus lane and showed such characteristic in accident influence. Therefore access management to factors causing conflict and improvement of operation management are required. In case of median bus lane, the more buses moving general vehicle lane and traffic volume of section were, the more accidents happened. In case that stop line of center lane is not backward, view blocking of vehicles turning left caused accidents.

• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.135-142
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• 2017

DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) exhausts the target server's resources using the large number of zombie pc, As a result normal users don't access to server. DDoS Attacks steadly increase by many attacker, and almost target of the attack is critical system such as IT Service Provider, Government Agency, Financial Institution. In this paper, We will introduce the CNN (Convolutional Neural Network) of deep learning based real-time detection system for DNS amplification Attack (DNS DDoS Attack). We use the dataset which is mixed with collected data in the real environment in order to overcome existing research limits that use only the data collected in the experiment environment. Also, we build a deep learning model based on Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) that is used in pattern recognition.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.6282-6289
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• 2015

Today, there is an increasing number of cases in which certificate information is leak, and accordingly, electronic finance frauds are prevailing. As certificate and private key a file-based medium, are easily accessible and duplicated, they are vulnerable to information leaking crimes by cyber-attack using malignant codes such as pharming, phishing and smishing. Therefore, the use of security token and storage toke' has been encouraged as they are much safer medium, but the actual users are only minimal due to the reasons such as the risk of loss, high costs and so on. This thesis, in an effort to solve above-mentioned problems and to complement the shortcomings, proposes a system in which digital signature for Internet banking can be made with a simply bio-authentication process. In conclusion, it was found that the newly proposed system showed a better capability in handling financial transitions in terms of safety and convenience.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.83-90
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• 2013

Every activity of companies whose goal is pursuit of profits occurs much information such as buying and selling consistently. This information is a factor that evaluates employees' results at least and can be a highly trusted data for facing an overall market conditions at large for CEO, so it should be managed efficiently. This paper helps CEO to run a business efficiently by establishing the business strategy for dealing flexibly and checking the level of contribution of each of employees through the management process in the rapidly changing market and it tries to construct the system that employees can evaluate their business profits and is able to evaluate the reliability of connections. This system is based on On-line, able to share data in real time, and limits an employees' authority for access capability of information.